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in particular analyzing the works of Russian methodologists of the
first half of the 20th century, who effectively promulgated the genetic
method of exposition. He also discusses the works of contemporary
foreign researchers, which is quite rarely done in Russian studies of
mathematics education. As a practical example of the application of his
general conception, he works out a three-stage system for studying the
following topic at a pedagogical university: divisibility of integers —
Euclidean rings — polynomials (presenting the natural development
of an idea). Other concrete methodological recommendations are
formulated as well. The author’s proposals have been put into teaching
practice at some pedagogical universities.
While the two studies just mentioned are devoted to general issues
in mathematics education, the recent work by Kalinin (2009) deals
exclusively with the teaching of differential and integral calculus.
In this work, several themes may be identified. First, the author
proposes new (at least for a pedagogical university) mathematical
approaches to defining the basic concepts of calculus, along with
new mathematical topics that may, according to him, facilitate the
presentation of elementary calculus in schools in a manner accessible
to the students. Second, the author proposes and advocates certain
formats for organizing instruction, which are connected, for example,
with scientific research done by the students; and methodological
approaches connected, for example, with the problem of developing
an in-depth understanding of the course. Third, the author offers a
theoretical analysis of the requirements for teaching calculus based
on the “fundamentalization” of education, which he defines as a
convergence of the educational process and scientific knowledge. The
ideas proposed by him were implemented over a number of years at a
pedagogical university in Vyatka.
Another recent work, by Sotnikova (2009), is devoted to the orga-
nization of the activity of pedagogical university students in discovering
substantive connections in the course in algebra. After noting that
the knowledge of pedagogical university graduates is often lacking
in depth, and in particular that they often have no understanding
of the course in mathematics as a unified whole, the author gives
examples of subjective connections in the course in algebra, which
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are, in her opinion, especially important because the course is quite
abstract. Such connections, for example, may be seen in the analogies
between the conceptions and propositions studied in different areas
of algebra (group theory, ring theory, theory of algebras). The author
offers a theoretical analysis of the notion of a “substantive connection”;
she also develops a theoretical interpretation of the process by which
students come to grasp the course in algebra. Her general analysis
constitutes the basis of her methodological recommendations, which
are aimed in particular at stimulating and organizing independent work
by the students on establishing substantive connections in algebra.
In connection with these ideas, the author has prepared the model
(program) for a pedagogical university course in algebra, which she
has put into practice.
Kostitsyn’s (2001) work is devoted to teaching geometric modeling
and developing the spatial imagination. He describes an experiment
he conducted in which fifth-year students were given two problems
from a pedagogical university entrance exam. Only 17% of the students
solved the problems, while only 15% made correct representations of
the objects involved in the problems (the other 2% found the correct
answers using incorrect diagrams). However, when comparatively
difficult problems were given with diagrams in the next experiment,
80% of the students solved them. Thus, Kostitsyn concludes that the
ability to construct geometric models — and, more broadly, the spatial
imagination — is actually not developed at all over the years of study
at a pedagogical university. He proposes several courses meant to help
in this respect, enunciating numerous concrete suggestions, some of
which pertain to the use of technology. These courses have been taught
at certain pedagogical institutes.
Among the studies that we are discussing, two are devoted to
teaching logic at a pedagogical institute. Igoshin (2002) undertakes
a multifaceted analysis of the role and place of mathematical logic
and even logic in general, for example in comparison with intuition.
Turning to practical issues in education, he takes the position that
logic and the theory of algorithms must be taught not just as a
separate mathematical subject, but as the most fundamental and
leading subject which supports teaching of all other mathematical
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subjects. Consequently, he emphasizes the importance of identifying
and clarifying for the students the use of logical principles in all
mathematical and even methodological disciplines that they study.
He likewise emphasizes how important it is for each component of
the course to have a professional orientation — in other words, how
important it is that it be directed at the students’ future pedagogical
activity. These ideas are embodied in courses and teaching manuals
developed by him.
Timofeeva’s (2006) study is devoted to designing a course in
mathematical logic on the basis of the so-called theory of natural
deduction. She notes that, for example, the work of Igoshin (2002),
discussed above, is based on the traditional format of the course and
“relies on the didactic possibilities mainly of its linguistic component,
while the deductive component of the course is practically unused [in
the study]” (p. 3). Preserving the content of the course, Timofeeva
structures it in a different fashion, as she writes, “thus providing
for the study of the most adequate, simple, and visual models of
proofs” (p. 3). She contends that some of the approaches she suggests
may be used directly by future teachers in schools. Her theoretical
analysis is multifaceted and, in particular, includes the identification of
various types of deductive activity. The study describes many concrete
methodological proposals and recommendations, reflected in practice
in manuals and implemented programs.
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