Assessment in Mathematics in Russian Schools
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or she failed to specify the domain of the expressions encountered in an
equation, although these expressions were linear or quadratic and thus
defined for all real numbers. The stated motive for lowering the grade
in this case is that if the expressions had been more complicated — if
they had contained radicals, for example — then failure to investigate
their domains could have undermined the entire solution.
The ambition to develop students’ mathematical communication
skills and to assess the degree of their development, as well as the
ambition to develop their ability to understand and substantiate a
solution — not merely to memorize it as a routine procedure — are
both highly commendable. But these ambitions can be successfully
realized only in the presence of well-prepared teachers who are capable
of exercising sound judgment in selecting problems and evaluating
the completeness of their solutions. Since assessment relies on the
judgment of the individual who corrects the tests, it is vital to have
in place well-developed procedures for engaging in discussions with
students and giving them the opportunity to contest their grades. The
recently introduced Uniform State Exams (USE) are graded by three
experts, in order to reduce the influence of subjective opinions. Appeals
commissions have also been established. Theoretically, students can
turn to them to contest not only a grade received on an exam, but also
their current grades in school (as far as we can tell, however, this very
rarely happens).
In the sections that follow, we will provide many examples of
problems traditionally used in Russia for the purposes of assessment.
On the whole, they naturally correspond to the problems found in
textbooks; for this reason, both tests and quizzes contain numerous
problems involving proofs. Such problems are typical of assessment in
geometry, but this field is not by any means the only one in which they
are encountered. For example, in a collection of pedagogical material
published by Ziv (2002), a section intended for use in eighth grade in
standard public schools contains the following problem: “Prove that,
for any
a, a
2
+ 3 > 2a” (p. 8).
Let us repeat that the number of problems on a test, quiz, or
exam has usually been (and largely remains) very small, but practically
every one of these problems is multistepped. Attempts have also
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
been made to construct tests and exams on the basis of blocks of
interconnected problems as a way to permit students in some measure
to use the solution of one problem to check the solution of another; to
generalize the solution of one problem in solving another; or simply to
use transformations and computations made in the course of solving
one problem to solve the problem that comes next (Karp, 2003). For
example, the following assignment was offered to a class with a so-called
humanities specialization:
Given the function
f(x) = 3
x
, a) solve the equation
f(x) = f(2 x + 1 ),
b) solve the inequality
f(x) − f(2 x + 1 ) < 0, and finally (c) construct
a graph of the function
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