Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
size of the sheet is 39 cm by 24 cm. What must be the length of
the side of one of the squares cut out of the tin sheet in order for
the bottom of the baking sheet to have an area of 700 cm
2
?
2. The lengths of the sides of the Egyptian triangle are expressed
by consecutive positive integers: 3, 4, and 5. Is there any other
right triangle whose sides have lengths that are also expressed by
consecutive positive integers?
3. A signal rocket is launched at an angle of 45
◦
to the horizon,
with an initial velocity of 30 m/s. Its altitude at each moment
in time may be calculated approximately using the formula
h = 2 + 21t − 5t
2
. After how many seconds will the rocket reach
an altitude of 10 m?
The equation formulated on the basis of the first problem has roots
x
1
= 29.5, x
2
= 2 (x is the length of the side of one of the squares cut
out of the tin sheet). The first root is not a solution to the problem,
since it is impossible to cut out a square with side 29.5 cm from a tin
sheet one of whose sides is 24 cm.
The equation formulated on the basis of the second problem has
roots n
1
= 3, n
2
= −1 (n is the length of the shortest side of the
desired triangle). The number
−1 does not satisfy the conditions given
in the problem, since a length cannot be expressed through a negative
number. If n = 3, we obtain a triangle with sides 3, 4, and 5. Therefore,
the only right triangle whose sides have lengths that are represented by
consecutive positive integers is the Egyptian triangle.
The equation in the third problem has roots t
1
≈ 0.4, t
2
≈ 3.8.
In this case, both roots are solutions to the problem. The rocket will
be at an altitude of 10 m twice: once on the way up, and once on the
way down.
Certain differences in methodological approaches to presenting alge-
braic material in grades 7–9. The content that forms the foundation
for the presentation of algebraic material is the same in all textbooks
(as already noted, it is prescribed by the same official document).
At the same time, the scientific-methodological principles on which
the presentation of educational material in different textbooks is
based may differ considerably. This makes it possible for teachers
to select that version of the structure of the course which they
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
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On Algebra Education in Russian Schools
163
prefer. Below, we examine, on the basis of the same two series of
textbooks by Makarychev et al. and Dorofeev et al., the distinctive
methodological features that teachers must compare to make a well-
informed decision.
First of all, in these two series of textbooks, one finds different
attitudes toward the presentation of the theoretical aspects of literal
numeration and the theory of equations. Thus, in the textbooks of
Makarychev et al., at the very beginning of the presentation of the
algebraic material, students are introduced to such basic concepts as
identical expressions, identity, equivalent equations, and equivalent
transformations of equations. Subsequently, the concept of identity
is defined more precisely, in connection with the study of algebraic
fractions. The whole subsequent exposition makes use of this termi-
nology, which renders the language of the exposition quite formal and
not always well-suited, as we believe and as experience demonstrates,
to the intellectual capacities of students of this age.
The authors of this series of textbooks present theory as far as
possible in a “rigorous” manner. A substantial number of facts in the
textbooks are accompanied by proofs. The authors prefer rigorous
computations to plausible-sounding arguments. For example, in the
section on “Algebraic Fractions” (Makarychev et al., 2009b), they offer
the following proof of the basic property of fractions:
We know the “basic property of fractions”:
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