a
√
b
for a = 0.64 and b = 0.09.
3. Given the expressions (1)
a+3
a
, (2)
a
a+3
, and (3)
a+
3
a
3
, which of
them are not defined for a = 0?
(1) Only 1
(2) Only 3
(3) 1 and 3
(4) 1, 2, and 3
4. For which of the following values of x is the expression
√
12
+ 3x
not defined?
(1) x = 0 (2) x = −6 (3) x = −1 (4) x = −4
5. The distance in meters to the epicenter of a storm can be
computed approximately by using the formula s = 330t, where
March 9, 2011
15:2
9in x 6in
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch04
On Algebra Education in Russian Schools
167
t is the number of seconds that have passed between a stroke
of lightning and a clap of thunder. Determine the approximate
distance of an observer from the epicenter of the storm if t = 12.
Give the answer in kilometers, rounding it off to an integer.
6. A car uses a L of gasoline to drive 100 km. How many liters of
gasoline will be needed to drive 37 km?
(1)
a·37
100
L
(2)
100
·37
a
L
(3)
a·100
37
L
(4)
a
37
·100
L
7. The area of a circle with diameter d is computed using the
formula S =
πd
2
4
. Use this formula to define diameter d.
(1) d =
4S
π
(2) d =
4S
π
(3) d =
πs
4
(4) d =
π
4S
8. For each expression in the top row, indicate the expression in the
bottom row that is equal to it.
(A) a
−8
· a
2
(B)
a
−8
a
2
(C) (a
−8
)
2
(1) a
−16
(2) a
−10
(3) a
−6
(4) a
−4
9. Express the value of the expression (6 · 10
−3
)
2
in the form of a
decimal fraction.
10. In which case is the expression transformed into an equal
expression?
(1) 3(x − y) = 3x − y (3) (x − y)
2
= x
2
− y
2
(2) (3 + x)(x − 3) = 9 − x
2
(4) (x + 3)
2
= x
2
+ 6x + 9
11. Simplify the expression 6x + 3(x − 1)
2
.
(1) 3x
2
+ 3 (3) 9x
2
− 6x + 9
(2) 3x
2
+ 1 (4) 3x
2
+ 6a − 3
12. Reduce the fraction
ab
2
−2ab
2 ab
.
(1) ab
2
(2)
b−2
2
(3) b
2
− a (4) b − 1
13. Indicate the expression that is identical to the fraction
a−c
b−c
.
(1)
c− a
b− c
(2)
a− c
c− b
(3)
c− a
c− b
(4)
−
c− a
c− b
14. Simplify the expression
2m−4m
2
m+1
÷
2m
2
m+1
.
15. Find the value of the expression 2
√
13
·
√
2
· 5
√
26
.
As experience shows, students are relatively good at finding values
of expressions with variables when the value of the variable is given,
March 9, 2011
15:2
9in x 6in
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch04
168
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
at formulating a literal expression based on the conditions given in a
problem, and at expressing one quantity in a formula in terms of others.
The most difficult types of problems in this set are problems that test
students’ grasp of the concept of the domain of a rational expression
and problems that involve operations with algebraic fractions (even
though the demands made on the students are quite modest, as can be
seen from the problems reproduced above).
For “Equations and System of Equations,” exams may include
problems aimed at testing students’ command of basic concepts, terms,
and formulas, as well as their ability to:
• Solve linear and quadratic equations, as well as equations that
can be reduced to linear and quadratic equations, by means of
simple transformations; solve integral equations by relying on the
fact that a product is equal to zero; solve simple linear-fractional
equations;
• Carry out elementary investigations of quadratic equations (to
establish whether an equation has roots, and if so, how many);
• Know and understand the following terms: “equation with two
variables,” “solving equations with two variables,” and “the
graph of an equation with two variables”; understand the graphic
interpretation of an equation with two variables, and of a system
of equations with two variables;
• Solve systems of two linear equations with two variables and
simple systems of two equations of which one is quadratic;
• Formulate an equation with one variable or a system of equations
with two variables based on the conditions given in a word
problem.
Examples of possible problems are given below (pp. 49–54):
1. Solve the equation 3
− 2x = 6 − 4(x + 2).
2. Solve the equation
x
2
− 3 =
x
5
.
3. Find the roots of the equation 3 x
2
+ x = 0.
4. Indicate how many roots each equation has:
(A) (x+1)
2
= 0 (B) x
2
+1 = 0 (C) x
2
+x = 0 (D) x
2
−x = 0
(1) One root
(2) Two roots
(3) No roots
5. Which of the following equations has irrational roots?
March 9, 2011
15:2
9in x 6in
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch04
On Algebra Education in Russian Schools
169
Fig. 5.
(1) x
2
− 3x − 4 = 0 (3) x
2
− 4x + 5 = 0
(2) x
2
− 4x − 3 = 0 (4) x
2
− 4x + 4 = 0
6. Find the roots of the equation (2x − 5)(2 + x) = 0.
7. Figure 5 shows the graph of the function y = 2x
2
+ 3x − 2.
Determine the x coordinate of the point A.
8. Solutions to the system of equations
x + y = 2
xy = −15
are:
(1) (5,
−3), (−5, 3) (3) (5, −3), (−3, 5)
(2) (
−5, 7), (3, −1) (4) (−5, 7), (5, −7)
9. In which quadrant of the coordinate plane does the point of
intersection of the lines 2x − 3y = 1 and 3x + y = 7 lie?
(1) I
(2) II
(3) III
(4) IV
10. In the coordinate plane (Fig. 6) points P and Q are marked and
a line is drawn through them. Which equation defines this line?
(1) x + y = 16 (2) x + y = 26 (3) x − y = 4 (4) x − y = 5
Fig. 6.
March 9, 2011
15:2
9in x 6in
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch04
170
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
11. Read the following problem:
The distance between two marinas is 17 km. A boat sailed from
one marina to the other and back in 6 h. Find the boat’s own
speed if the speed of the river’s current is 2 km/h.
Use the letter x to designate the boat’s own speed (in km/h)
and formulate an equation based on the conditions given in the
problem. Which of the following is the right answer?
(1)
17
x+2
+
17
x−2
= 6 (3)
17
x+2
=
17
x−2
− 6
(2)
x+2
17
+
x−2
17
= 6 (4) 17(x + 2) + 17(x − 2) = 6
Experience shows that students on the whole are good at solving
linear and quadratic equations. However, the number of correct
answers goes down if an equation has fractional coefficients (for
example,
1
3
x
2
+x−6 = 0). In general, whenever in any context students
must work with fractions, they begin having difficulties. Many students
have difficulty solving a basic, standard problem that is present in all
textbooks: compute the coordinates of the point of intersection of two
straight lines by solving a system of two linear equations with two
variables. The greatest difficulty for students then arises when they
must formulate an equation based on the conditions given in a word
problem.
We will now illustrate the requirements that must be met by the
algebraic preparation of students at the advanced level.
For “Algebraic Expressions,” exams may include problems aimed
at testing students’ command of the following skills (Kuznetsova et al.,
2009, p. 72):
• Factoring polynomials using different methods;
• Carrying out many-step transformations of rational expressions
using a wide array of studied algorithms;
• Carrying out transformations of expressions that contain powers
with integer exponents, and square roots;
• Carrying out transformations to solve various mathematical
problems (such as problems on finding maxima and minima).
Examples of possible problems are (the solutions to all of these
problems must be written out, and their precision and completeness
March 9, 2011
15:2
9in x 6in
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch04
On Algebra Education in Russian Schools
171
have a substantial influence on the grade):
1. Factor the polynomial c
2
a − a − c
2
+ 1.
2. Reduce the fraction
4a
2
−9a+2
1
−4a+x−4ax
.
3. Simplify the expression
b−3
b
2
−2b−3
−
b
b
2
+2b+1
÷
1
(5 b+5 )
2
.
4. Show that for any value of n the expression
5
n+1
+5
n−1
2
·5
n
has the same
value.
5. Find the value of the expression
(2
√
7
− 5 )
2
+
(2
√
7
− 6 )
2
.
6. For what values of the variable does the following expression is
not defined? 1
−
1
1
−
a
1
− 1
a+1
7. Prove the following identity:
(x + 1 )(x + 2 )(x + 3 )(x + 4 ) + 1 = (x
2
+ 5x + 5)
2
.
8. Prove that there are no values of a and b for which the value of the
expression 5a
2
+3b
2
+20a−12b+34 is equal to zero. (pp. 72–73)
For “Equations and Systems of Equations,” the exam may include
problems aimed at testing students’ command of the following skills:
• Solving integral and fractional equations with one variable by
means of algebraic transformations and such techniques as fac-
torization and variable substitution;
• Solving systems of linear equations and systems containing non-
linear equations by means of substitution and addition; also using
certain special techniques;
• Carrying out investigations of equations and systems of equations
containing letter coefficients, in particular by relying on graphic
representations;
• Solving word problems, including working with models in which
the number of variables is greater than the number of equations.
Examples of problems are given below (again, all of them require
full written solutions).
1. Find the roots of the following equation: 2x
4
− 17x
2
− 9 = 0.
2. Solve the following equation:
x
3x+2
+
5
3x−2
=
3x
2
+6x
4
−9x
2
.
3. Solve the following equation: (x
2
− 3x − 1)
2
+ 2x(x − 3) = 1.
March 9, 2011
15:2
9in x 6in
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch04
172
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
4. Solve the following system of equations:
2(x − y) − 3(x + y) = 2x − 6y
x+ y
2
−
x− y
5
=
2 x
5
− 2
.
5. Solve the following system of equations:
3(x + y) + xy = −14
x + y − xy = 6
.
6. Solve the following system of equations:
2 x − 3 y = −7
4x + 5y = 14
x
2
+ y
2
= 10
.
7. Given the system of equations
x
3
−
z
4
+
y
12
= 1
y
5
+
x
10
+
z
3
= 1
, find the sum
x + y + z.
8. Find all negative values of m for which the system of equations
x
2
+ y
2
= m
2
x + y = 1
has no solutions.
Solve the following problems (9–11):
9. Three candidates were running for the position of team captain:
Nikolayev, Okunev, and Petrov. Petrov got three times as many
votes as Nikolayev, while Okunev got two times fewer votes than
Nikolayev and Petrov combined. What percentage of the votes
was cast for the winner?
10. A student was planning to live for a certain number of days on
600 rubles. During each of the first three days, he spent the sum
he had planned on spending each day; then he increased his daily
expenditures by 20 rubles. As a result, by two days before the
end of the period he had already spent 580 rubles. How much
money had the student planned on spending each day?
11. By mixing one salt solution, whose concentration is 40%, with
another solution of the same salt, whose concentration is 48%,
we obtain a solution with a concentration of 42%. In what pro-
portions were the first and second solutions mixed? (pp. 75–77)
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |