Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
logical gaps that have been left by the study of divisibility in basic
school; for example, they do not consider it necessary even to prove
the criteria for divisibility by 3 and 9 in the general case. Thus, for
example, they present the proof of criteria for divisibility by 11 in
basic-school fashion, based on presenting an example, the generality of
which is obvious to any mathematician and must be equally obvious to
any student. A formal proof of this fact requires only a complicated
mathematical “ornament” and, apart from logical rigor (which in
this instance seems superfluous), adds nothing to the mathematical
content of the argument or, most importantly, to the basic problem of
developing the students’ mathematical thinking. Moreover, the very
fact that students have understood the generality of an example that
conclusively demonstrates the mechanism of a potential formal proof
constitutes an important contribution to their mathematical thinking,
promoting those peculiar features of thought which are characteristic
of mathematicians and necessary for assimilating mathematics.
Let us note that the concept of logical thinking, the thinking that is
used in mathematics and to an even greater degree by representatives
of other sciences, is substantially broader than that of deductive
thinking — a fact that many representatives of the methodological disci-
plines and practicing teachers sometimes forget, losing or substantially
weakening the productive component of thinking by doing so.
Everything that has been said above pertains, of course, not just to
the topic “Divisibility,” but illuminates the way in which an advanced
course in mathematics must differ from the basic course, what the
general principles governing the design of the advanced course must
be, and what approach must be used, in our view, to solve the
corresponding methodological problems.
Let us examine concrete problems for students that reflect the
authors’ approach to the topic “Divisibility” in the aforementioned
textbooks by Dorofeev et al.
1. Prove or refute the following statements:
(a) All even numbers are composite; (b) if an even number is
divisible by 15, then it is divisible by 6; (c) if an even number is
divisible by 15, then it is divisible by 20.
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2. Prove that:
(a) 3
2003
+ 3
2004
+ 3
2006
is divisible by 31;
(b) 20
186
+ 18
253
is divisible by 19.
3. Find the remainder after dividing:
(a) 6n + 5 (n — integer) by 3;
(b) 6n + 5 (n — positive integer, greater than 1) by n;
(c) 2
2005
by 7.
4. Which of the progressions
5, 8, 11,…; 4, 7, 10,…; 6, 9, 12,…
contains the number 11
· 38
20
− 4 · 25
10
? (Dorofeev, Kuznetsova,
Sedova, and Okhtemenko, 2004, p. 38)
As we can see, there is no general rule, no algorithm, and no general
ability for solving these problems except one: the ability to reason. Not
for nothing was the topic “Divisibility” traditionally a favorite topic for
problems on college entrance exams, at a time when there was no
Uniform State Exam.
Clearly, despite the simplicity of the formulations of these problems,
the basic level of preparation is not enough to solve them — and
this has to do not with new, additional criteria for divisibility (for
example, criteria for divisibility by 11), which may or may not be present
in the textbook of the advanced course; or with new concepts and
theorems that the Standard prescribes for the advanced level (such
as “Congruences”). It has to do with the depth with which those
concepts are assimilated, which are already known to all graduates of
basic schools. The Standard does not stipulate the study of any ready-
made algorithms for solving such problems; rather, what is required
of graduates here is the ability to engage in mathematical reasoning in
nonstandard situations.
With regard to significant differences between the content of
the basic and advanced courses, we should also look at the topic
“Polynomials,” which is studied in advanced classes. The main purpose
of this topic, according to the Standard for advanced schools, is to
improve the general mathematical preparation of the students, and to
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