7
Issues of Differentiation in Education
Russia (USSR) has extensive experience in organizing multilevel
education. Gorbachev’s perestroika and the period that followed, which
emphasized the value of the individual, revitalized interest in the subject
of differentiated education. Gusev (1990) examines the problem in
general terms. He identifies three broad aims of mathematics educa-
tion: to give students a robust education in mathematics, to facilitate
the formation of their personal qualities, and to teach them to apply
mathematical knowledge effectively and communicate mathematically.
Subsequently, he devotes considerable attention to the second of these
aims, which includes the development of students’ scientific curiosity,
mental development, and so on; more broadly, he looks at the methods
for differentiated education in mathematics. In particular, he discusses
a system of independent projects for students and the selection and
construction of “chains” of assignments.
Gutsanovich (2001) elaborates a broad conception of mathematical
development (as a part of general mental development) in the context
of differentiated education. In this study, completed in Belarus, the
author aims to elucidate the very notion of “mathematical develop-
ment,” connecting it with the notions of “mathematical preparation”
and “mathematical abilities.” Identifying four levels of mathematical
preparation (from “insufficient” to “creative”), he juxtaposes them
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with nine levels of mathematical development — from “infantile,”
“descriptive,” and “formal” to “creative” and “mathematically gifted.”
He points to a number of factors that can raise the level of
mathematical development: organizational–methodological factors,
social–psychological factors, psychological–pedagogical factors, and
psycho–physiological factors. In addition, he examines the influence
of various mathematical assignments on students’ development. His
work makes use of a large body of experimental material. In particular,
he establishes the frequencies with which the aforementioned levels of
mathematical development are reached before and after experimental
teaching. Also noteworthy is Gutsanovich’s conclusion: “The corre-
lation between the grades given in schools to evaluate the level of
performance, and the level of mathematical preparation, or the level
of mathematical abilities, is absent or weak” (p. 24).
The Polish mathematics educator Klakla (2003) has studied the
development of creative mathematical activity in classes with an
advanced course of study in mathematics. To this end, he has the-
oretically researched the concept of creative activity in general and
in mathematics, in particular. Klakla identifies the principal types of
students’ creative activity and discusses the ways in which they form.
Specifically, he focuses on the methodology of solving multistage
problems in classes with an advanced course of study in mathematics.
The work of Smirnova (1995) also draws on material from spe-
cialized classes. She points out that the very notion of differentiation
has meant different things at different times and that this term may
presently be used with reference to either pedagogical differentiation,
psychological differentiation, or methodological differentiation. She
herself focuses her attention on so-called “profile differentiation,” i.e.
differentiation based on the general orientation of subsequent studies
(humanities, technology, natural sciences, and so on). Her work deals
with classes of different “profiles” that appeared in the late 1980s and
1990s, and the teaching of geometry in these classes. Analyzing various
topics of the course in mathematics, Smirnova describes each of them in
terms of a vector with six coordinates, which correspond, respectively,
to the humanities-oriented content of the topic, to the number of
applications that the topic has in other topics, to the number of new
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concepts associated with the topic, to the number of basic theorems
associated with the topic, to the number of supporting problems
associated with the topic, and to the number of practical skills that the
student must master in the process of studying the topic (the author
establishes these values in different ways). In Smirnova’s opinion, the
values that she obtains are important for determining the role of the
given topic in any given “profile” course. According to her, the success
of this model of education is confirmed by such important indicators
as level of student interest and effectiveness of instruction (determined
experimentally). In her conclusion, she addresses the preparation of
future geometry teachers.
“Profile” differentiation is also discussed by Prokofiev (2005), who
concentrates on classes at technical colleges that were introduced to
raise the quality of incoming students. The author partly contrasts such
classes with more traditional classes that offer an advanced course of
study in mathematics, because in the former “the stress must be shifted
in the direction of applied mathematics” (p. 18). He details the content
of instruction in such classes and also names several principles on which
this instruction must be based (for example, the principle of individual
differentiation). In his opinion, experimental data (i.e. data about the
work of classes associated with the college where he worked) support
his idea, because, for example, the graduates of specialized, precollege
classes have much better scores on their college entrance exams than
the graduates of ordinary classes.
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