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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch09
388
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
Grade 9
• Functions and graphs
• Equations, inequalities, systems of equations and inequalities
• Remarkable theorems and facts of geometry
• The logical structure of geometry
In other words, such a program involves expanded study of the
existing school program (indeed, since the collapse of the Soviet Union,
with schools acquiring greater opportunities, such a program or one
similar to it has sometimes simply been added to the ordinary school
curriculum, with the classes that study this expanded curriculum being
labeled as classes with an advanced course in mathematics).
The manual by Gusev et al. (1984), published even earlier, sug-
gested a number of topics for extracurricular work in grades 7–9 (6–8 in
the system that existed at the time), which largely resembled the topics
found in mathematics Olympiads. Among them, for example, were
such sections as “Graphs,” “The Arithmetic of Remainders,” “How
to Play in Order Not to Lose,” and “Pigeonhole Principle.” For each
topic (which usually occupied several class sessions), the manual offered
problem sets and provided specific methodological recommendations,
such as suggesting various general theoretical facts that the teacher
could convey to the students in one way or another, or describing
various kinds of activities that the teacher might organize.
In fact, during those years as well as later, in school electives and
mathematics circle sessions, students usually solved problems of a
heightened level of difficulty. For the most part, these problems were
based on material from the ordinary school curriculum, but they could
also include problems that drew on traditional Olympiad-style topics.
For example, problems involving absolute value or problems that
required students to construct nonstandard graphs [for instance,
construct the graph of the equation y
+ |y| = x (Kostrikina, 1991,
p. 46)] have always been very popular. The same is true of problems
on solving equations and inequalities, as well as word problems based
on equations and inequalities. Also represented were identity trans-
formations, problems on progressions, and trigonometry. Kostrikina’s
(1991) problem book, cited above, contains problems of a heightened
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
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level of difficulty in practically all sections of the course in algebra.
Consider several more examples of problems from this text:
• Find a two-digit number that is four times greater than the sum
of its digits. (p. 43)
• What is greater,
10
10
+1
10
11
+1
or
10
11
+1
10
12
+1
? (p. 48)
• Simplify the expression
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