2.4
Written Problem-Solving Contests
Optional problem-solving contests may be conducted in a class (or a
school). Of course, far from all students take part in such contests (let
alone successfully solve all problems), but all students in a class (or a
school) are invited to participate in them, and that is why we discuss
this activity in this section. Such contests are useful both in themselves
and as a means of drawing students into a mathematics circle (where,
for example, they will be told the solutions). Contest problems may
be given in wall newspapers, as already mentioned. They may be given
one or two at a time, for example as weekly assignments. Whatever the
case, they are usually given for a sufficiently long period of time and
thus presuppose that the participants have attained a certain degree of
maturity and responsibility. It must be pointed out, too, that students
are almost always unaccustomed to turning in work in which not all
problems have been solved (and usually even the winners do not solve
all of the problems). Consequently, it is very important to explain to
potential participants that they are in no way expected to solve all of
the problems.
In general, the psychological aspects of such contests usually require
a fair amount of attention. If a contest turns out to be too easy, then the
stronger students will not want to solve and hand in the problems; if it
turns out to be too difficult, then, on the contrary, no one except a very
small number of students will decide to participate in it. Consequently,
a certain balance is necessary. Likewise necessary is a balance between
comparatively traditional, “school-style” problems and problems with
interesting but unfamiliar formulations. The following problems, for
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example, were used in a contest for seventh graders (Karp, 1992,
pp. 10–11):
1. Solve the equation
|x − 1| + |x + 2| = 4. (This is a typical,
“difficult” school-style problem. The students have already ana-
lyzed absolute value problems, but even a single absolute value
in seventh grade made a problem difficult, while this problem
contains two of them. On the other hand, there is nothing
particularly unexpected here: carefully following the algorithm for
removing the absolute value sign, for example, will lead to the right
solution.)
2. Two squares, with sides 12 cm and 15 cm, overlap. Removing the
common part from each of the squares, we obtain two regions.
What is the difference of their areas equal to? (In this case, for
a person with a certain mathematical background, everything is
very straightforward: regardless of the area of overlap of the two
squares, the difference of the areas of the obtained regions is
equal to the difference of the areas of the squares. But far from
all students are capable of justifying this argument clearly and
correctly.)
3. A scary dragon has 19 heads. A brave knight has invented an
instrument that can chop off exactly 12, 14, 21, or 340 heads
at once, but after this the dragon grows 33, 1988, 0, or 4 new
heads, respectively. Once all of the heads have been chopped off,
no new heads will grow. Will the knight be able to slay the dragon?
(This is a typical, although not difficult, Olympiad-style problem:
the students must note that the number of heads always changes
by a multiple of three, and thus there is no way to pass from 19 —
a number not divisible by 3 — to 0.)
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