trips enjoyed the greatest popularity (Zaks, 1930).
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
mathematicians began to play an active role in it. In 1934, an annual
journal on mathematics education — Matematicheskoye prosveschenie —
was founded which contained articles about interesting facts and
problems of mathematics. In the same year, the first mathematics
Olympiad in the Soviet Union was held in Leningrad, and in 1935
a similar Olympiad took place in Moscow. During these years, too,
citywide mathematics circles for schoolchildren were formed in both
cities. The most prominent mathematicians of the time actively
participated in these circles, including A. N. Kolmogorov, B. N.
Delone, L. A. Lyusternik, and others [Boltyansky and Yaglom’s (1965)
article remains a crucial source of information on the work of these
mathematics circles].
Gradually, a body of literature for extracurricular classes developed.
We might mention, for example, a series of books entitled The Library
of the Mathematics Circle (Balk, 1959; Dynkin, 1952; Shkliarskii et al.,
1952, 1954, 1970, 1974, 1976; Yaglom, 1955, 1956), which reflected
the activities of the Moscow circles, as well as the pamphlets in the
series Popular Lectures in Mathematics, Ya. I. Perelman’s books, and
others.
The subsequent appearance of schools with an advanced course of
study in mathematics and physics, and, more broadly, the popularity
of and demand for mathematics and physics, facilitated the devel-
opment and improvement of various forms of extracurricular work.
All-Russia and All-USSR Olympiads became regular events. In the mid-
1960s, I. Ya. Verebeychik, a teacher at school No. 30 in Leningrad,
invented a new kind of mathematics competition, the “math battle,”
which quickly won popularity in the USSR. Among the other forms
of extracurricular work that became popular, we might name mathe-
matical contests and tournaments, mathematical theatrical evenings,
field trips, elective classes, schools for young mathematicians, and
others.
The years of social uplift at the end of the last century (1985–
1990s) also witnessed a kind of explosion of extracurricular work in
mathematics. In many cities, full-fledged organized systems of working
with gifted students appeared at this time (Yarolslavl, Kostroma,
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Ivanovo, Kemerovo, Omsk, and others), and in major centers, where
mathematics circles had already existed, their spectrum expanded.
Researchers outside Russia have some knowledge of Russia’s expe-
rience with extracurricular work, if only from translated books (such
as, Fomin et al., 1996; Shkliarskii et al., 1962). But most of this knowl-
edge concerns approaches to working with the strongest students.
Meanwhile, more modest, far less selective forms of extracurricular
activity are equally of interest. We will describe them below, without
aiming for a comprehensive account. The basic types of mathematical
competitions are discussed in another chapter of this two-volume set
(Saul and Fomin, 2010), so we will avoid focusing on competitions,
except when it is indispensable for understanding the system of
extracurricular work as a whole. We distinguish between the various
forms of extracurricular work examined below based on the different
segments of the school population at which they are aimed. At the
same time, we recognize that any classification of real-life pedagogical
activities will represent just one possible approach among many, and
the various kinds of extracurricular activities examined below might be
broken down into different categories — for example, based on the
ages of the students at whom they are usually aimed (an aspect that we
will also address, as far as possible).
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