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from tests not only in terms of the time allotted for them, but also
in the manner in which they are conducted and graded. Students
taking quizzes may use special notebooks, separate sheets of paper, or
simply their own notebooks. When students take tests, they are strictly
forbidden to use any reference books whatsoever and prohibited from
relying on their own preparatory notes or crib sheets; when students
take quizzes, on the other hand, they are often allowed to use any
reference material they wish, with the exception, naturally, of copying
from classmates. After a test, all of the students’ notebooks are removed
from them and checked; after a quiz, a teacher might select only a few
notebooks for checking — although, of course, the decision can be
made to check all of the quizzes as well.
It is telling that collections of material for assessment typically
contain many more quizzes than tests. For example, the already-
mentioned collection by Zvavich et al. (1991) contains 10 tests and
56 quizzes. A quiz may make use of material from a textbook or a
regularly used problem book. In such cases, it is assumed that every
student will have access to such a textbook or problem book during
the quiz, and that these textbooks or problem books do not contain
answers to the problems given on the quiz. The teacher presents two or
more sets of problems from the book, of similar levels of difficulty, on
the blackboard and asks the students to solve them either on separate
sheets of paper or in their notebooks over a given period of time. After
the students complete these quizzes, the work of some or all students
is checked and graded.
Teachers’ attitudes to quizzes vary. On the one hand, quizzes
give teachers an opportunity to accumulate grades and systematically
evaluate their students’ knowledge. On the other hand, a quiz can
consume at least one third of a class period, can lower the level of
the teacher’s oral interaction with the students, and additionally can
require the teacher to spend a great deal of time on grading. Some
teachers never conduct quizzes for the whole class, but there are
others who conduct two quizzes per class. Many teachers use published
quizzes in a different capacity, solving them in class in oral questioning
sessions with the students, giving them to the students as homework
assignments or calling up several students to the front desks (or some
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
other specially designated place) and giving them these quizzes as
“individual assignments.”
As a rule, the lengths of quizzes vary from one problem to 3–5
problems. In contrast to tests, quizzes are often aimed mainly at
teaching students rather than assessing them formally. Many authors
publish quizzes in several versions with different levels of difficulty. The
first and second versions of a quiz are usually easier than the third and
fourth. Some collections contain even more versions and even more
sophisticated differentiations. B. G. Ziv’s problem book in geometry
(1995) (which the author, however, titled Problems for Classes — thus
avoiding the need to discuss how much time should be allotted to each
assignment) offers eight versions of quizzes on every topic: versions 1–2
are intended for weak students, versions 3–4 represent the basic level,
versions 5–6 are only for the most capable students, and versions 7–8
can be used in math clubs or “math circles” (p. 3). Problems from the
first and third versions for eighth graders are given below; the topic is
“Area of a Triangle” (p. 148):
Version 1
1. In the quadrilateral ABCD, BD
= 12 cm. Vertex B is 4 cm away
from the straight line
←→
AC . Find the area of the triangle ABC.
2. In the triangle ABC,
m∠
C = 135
◦
, AC
= 6 dm, and
BD is the
height, whose length is 2 dm. Find the area of the triangle ABD.
Version 3
1. In the triangle ABC,
m∠
B = 130
◦
, AB
=
a,
BC =
b, while in the
parallelogram MPKH, MP
= a, MH = b, m∠M = 50
◦
. Find the
relation of the area of the triangle to the area of the parallelogram.
2. In the right triangle ABC, O is the midpoint of the median CH
(
H lies the hypotenuse AB), AC = 6 cm, BC = 8 cm. Find the
area of the triangle OBC.
As can be seen, such problems may be used both for assessment and
for teaching. The ideas used in solving the different problems in some
measure echo one another (for example, in both the second problem
of the first version and the first problem of the third version, it is useful
to find the angle that is supplementary to the one given). For this
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reason, systematically and independently solving the problems from
the different versions helps to develop students’ geometric vision and
thinking.
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