Assessment in Mathematics in Russian Schools
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students may be given a test containing 8–10 or even more problems,
sometimes with accompanying diagrams. Here, the students must
“grasp the situation” and, after jotting down some straightforward
computations or conclusions, write down the answer (such tests may
make use of the multiple-choice format as well). We believe, therefore,
that it makes sense to specify beforehand for each test what level of
detail the solutions to the problems on it are expected to possess.
Regarding the issue of preparing for tests, one should say that no
test must ever come as a surprise to the students. It is useful, for
example, to hang up a schoolwide test chart, which helps, at least to
some extent, to regulate students’ workloads. According to established
official rules, students may not be given more than one test per day.
However, formally speaking, students may be given any number of
quizzes per day, and indeed students may be questioned in all of the
six or seven classes that they have on a given day — which undoubtedly
can become an excessive burden for them.
Although “teaching for the test” should never be a teacher’s goal,
this does not mean that there should be no test preparation whatsoever:
on the contrary, students should be taught to prepare for tests. Russian
teachers employ various strategies for this; for example, the teacher can
have the class identify the basic ideas of a topic that has already been
studied, can remind the class of the most characteristic problems from
the textbook and assign them as homework, or can compose a kind of
preparatory test and assign it as homework or discuss it in class.
When a student gets a two on a test, many teachers in Russian
schools give this student the opportunity to take the test over. In certain
cases, this has been useful and has led to improved assimilation of a
given topic by the student; in other cases, it has led to the student
repeatedly retaking the test until a grade of three could be squeezed
out of it. In some instances, the teacher would demand that students
work on their mistakes either directly in their test notebooks or in their
workbooks. Then, the teacher would check the students’ work on their
mistakes, and this work would be used to “cover up” the previously
given grade of two.
Test scores are usually announced in front of all students. As part
of this process, a student’s mistakes are publicly examined and correct
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
solutions are demonstrated. This gives students an opportunity to learn
not only from their own mistakes but also from the mistakes of their
classmates. Naturally, a great deal in such situations depends on the
pedagogical skills and tact of the teacher, since without such skills
and tact this approach — which is, generally speaking, quite useful —
can lead only to psychological trauma. The famous pre-Revolution
journalist Doroshevich gave a description of how students felt while
waiting for a teacher to go over a written assignment that they had
completed: “The day of the notebooks’ ‘return’ arrived. This was a day
that we always waited for with particular impatience. We were in store
for a whole hour of ridicule directed against our weakest comrades”
(Doroshevich, 1962; p. 204).
In particular, it is important that a student understand that a
teacher’s corrections on a test do not represent the last word and the
final truth. If, for example, a schoolboy or a schoolgirl has noticed a
mistake that the teacher has overlooked or a notation that has been
underlined as a mistake but in reality is not and has turned out to
be correct, then it is reasonable not only to correct the teacher’s
mistake but also to give special encouragement to those who noticed
it. Moreover, students should be commended for devoting attention
to a corrected test even if their observations are not correct. A test is
not only an occasion for testing, but also an occasion for teaching.
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