Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
as the one used with the linear function: let us construct a table and
connect the points; the word “function” is not used — the authors talk
about relations between coordinates). This does not mean, however,
that the teacher must teach the students to construct the graphs
of quadratic functions; the point, rather, is that the students must
understand from the beginning that graphs are not necessarily straight
lines. We should note, in connection with this, that the textbooks by
Dorofeev, Suvorova et al. (2005) devote considerable attention to the
graphs that surround us, which may be curves of extreme intricacy. The
students are asked to use a temperature graph, for example, to indicate
the time when the temperature was equal to various given magnitudes,
when it was highest, and when it was increasing or decreasing.
The concept of a function is introduced in the textbooks of this
series in eighth grade (Dorofeev, Suvorova et al., 2005). Here, too,
variable values are mentioned, the domain of a function is defined, the
graph of a function is discussed, and the vertical line test is effectively
presented. Students are introduced to linear functions (now with
the use of the term “function”) and functions of the form y =
k
x
.
In discussing graphs, the authors mention increasing and decreasing
functions, taking the former to mean that the graph “in moving from
the left to the right always goes up.” Consequently, the students
are given problems that require them to indicate, based on a graph,
whether one or another function is increasing or decreasing.
In the textbook of Alimov et al., quadratic functions are studied in
eighth grade. By this time, quadratic equations and systems of quadratic
equations, problems that can be reduced to quadratic equations, and
the like have already been studied in detail by the students. Now,
the same kinds of problems are solved in connection with quadratic
functions as were solved earlier in connection with linear functions:
find the value of the function for a given x and the values of x for
which the function assumes a given value. The second of these kinds
of problems naturally requires students to solve a quadratic equation;
however, this textbook makes no general statement about the fact that
solving such a problem is the same as solving an equation.
A central position in this chapter of this textbook is occupied by
the construction of graphs of quadratic functions. The graph of the
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
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Elements of Analysis in Russian Schools
205
function y = x
2
is constructed “point by point”; students are then
asked to connect the points with a “smooth” curve and told that the
resulting curve is called a “parabola.” The elementary properties of
the function y = x
2
are enumerated, including its nonnegativity, the
symmetry of its graph with respect to the coordinate axis, and the
fact that it is increasing for x ≥ 0 and decreasing for x ≤ 0. Then
the function y = ax
2
is examined. The textbook points out that
its graph can be obtained from the graph of y = x
2
by means of
expansion or contraction, and for negative a also by means of reflection.
The construction of the graph of a quadratic function in the general
case is connected with the construction of the graph of the function
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