Public-Private Partnership (ppp) Handbook


  Build–Operate–Transfer and Similar Arrangements



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public-private-partnership

4.5 
Build–Operate–Transfer and Similar Arrangements
 
BOT and similar arrangements are a kind of specialized concession in which a private firm 
or consortium finances and develops a new infrastructure project or a major component 
according to performance standards set by the government. Figure 8 illustrates the BOT 
contract structure.
Source: Heather Skilling and Kathleen Booth. 007.
Figure 8: Structure of a Build–Operation–Transfer (BOT) Contract
Government/Public Utility
Capital Investment
Private Developer
BOT
Consumers
(Directly or  
through 
Distributor
Services
Tariffs
Revenues
Eventual Return of 
Investment


8    Public–Private Partnership Handbook
The variations of BOT-type contracts include those cited in Table 5. Several of these are 
discussed in this section.
Under BOTs, the private partner provides the capital required to build the new facility. Importantly, 
the private operator now owns the assets for a period set by contract—sufficient to allow the 
developer time to recover investment costs through user charges.
The public sector agrees to purchase a minimum level of output produced by the facility, 
sufficient to allow the operator to recover its costs during operation. A difficulty emerges 
if the public sector has overestimated demand and finds itself purchasing output under 
such an agreement (“take–or–pay”) when the demand does not exist. Alternatively, the 
distribution utility might pay a capacity charge and a consumption charge, thus sharing the 
demand risk between the public and private partners. BOTs generally require complicated 
financing packages to achieve the large financing amounts and long repayment periods 
required. (See Box 7).
At the end of the contract, the public sector assumes ownership but can opt to assume 
operating responsibility, contract the operation responsibility to the developer, or award a 
new contract to a new partner. 
The distinction between a BOT-type arrangement and a concession—as the term is used 
here—is that a concession generally involves extensions to and operation of existing systems, 
whereas a BOT generally involves large "greenfield" investments requiring substantial outside 
finance, for both equity and debt. However, in practice, a concession contract may include 

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