Программа дисциплины «Основы философии»

Alternative Schooling 
Alternative schooling embraces the concept that every student can learn. Also 
referred to as non-traditional or alternate schooling, it often deals with the middle- and 
high-school population. 
Youth at risk are most likely to seek or be encouraged to join an alternative 
schooling program. "Alternate" can also comprise an elite or private set-up, religious 
orientation or home schooling. In general, the alternative school deals with a certain 
population of students with a unique learning requirement or interest. This may include 
students with disabilities, teenage parents, potential school "drop-outs" or individuals 
who have been court adjured or who have behavioral problems. Alternative schooling 
may address the issue of the drop-out rate by running preventative programs or by 
dealing with the students following their exclusion or non-attendance. 
There are numerous models for alternative schooling, all providing innovative 
programs for students. These include a school within a school, schools without walls, 
residential schools and separate alternative learning centers offering special curricula. 
College-based alternative schools are also possible, as well as magnet schools with a 
selected curriculum taught by specialized teachers. Summer schools, "second chance" 
schools and charter schools (an autonomous entity) fall within the range of alternate 
educational systems. 
The motivation for alternative schooling, aside from religious orientation or private 
requirements, is generally to reduce truancy or behavior patterns. Moreover, there is a 
desire to facilitate an improved attitude toward schooling. The accumulation of high 
school credits is another factor accommodated by specialized school systems. 
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Charter Schools 
Charter school, alternative type of American public school that, while paid for by 
taxes, is independent of the public-school system and relatively free from state and local 
regulations. A charter school has a greater degree of freedom and autonomy than the 
traditional public school, and students attend it by choice. Each school is granted a 
renewable charter, usually by a state or local board for three to five years. The aim of 
these schools is to increase learning opportunities and to allow for greater innovation in 
teaching practices. Some charter schools have a higher percentage of minority or 
economically disadvantaged students than traditional public schools and some 

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specialize in a particular academic area. Charter schools are usually small, mainly 
urban, and vary significantly from state to state. The first charter school law was passed 
in Minnesota in 1991, and the first school opened there the following year; California 
initiated similar legislation in 1992. By 2015, more than 6,700 such schools were 
serving 2.9 million students in 42 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. 
While many applaud the charter school movement for promoting greater choice for 
students and parents, it has also been criticized by those, including many teachers' 
unions, who are apprehensive about the possible chilling effect on other public schools, 
the lack of adequate supervision, and, after several years of operation, the apparently 
unsatisfactory.
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