maintaining balanced, rapid alternation of turns. A key idea of balanced participation
is based in a collaborative discourse structure, which differs substantially from an “in-
terview” in which one person asks questions and the other responds (cf. Johnson and
Tyler 1998).
It is important to note some cross-cultural caveats. One is that American men
clearly do engage in conversations on serious topics. Roshan has had intense conver-
sations of this sort with his American friend. In fact, as they have become friends the
proportion of “shooting the shit” has become smaller in relation to the “serious” con-
versations. The other caveat is that there may well be a comparable speech activity of
the sort analyzed here in Roshan’s home culture. What I claim is that Roshan wasn’t
aware of a comparable speech activity in his cultural repertoire that he could simply
transfer over or adapt. We cannot be sure whether this difference is cultural, in the
sense that there is no comparable speech activity, or individual in that the speech ac-
tivity may exist but Roshan hadn’t had a chance to learn it; the reality was that
Roshan did not have interactional competence in this area.
The unexpected focus—by the participants themselves—on the cognitive di-
mensions of the speech activity that emerged during the commentary on the prag-
matic coaching is framed partly in terms of “shortening up his [Roshan’s] attention
span.” The shortening involves the joint timing of the activity, with the idea of hitting
a “groove.” Steve’s criticism is tactful: “Now give us two or three more hours and
we’ll have it down” (“Commentary on ‘Better’ Version,” turn 1). Roshan asks directly
for feedback when he says, “Does it seem to you like I’m making a conscious effort
to talk or do I seem . . . ” (“Commentary on ‘Better’ Version,” turn 5). This comment
suggests that Roshan is aware that the “conscious effort” is still coming across, that
he has not yet mastered the effortless flow of a natural speech activity. Steve responds
in tactful but encouraging ways: “Yeah, but you . . . you’re starting to trim the rough
edges a little bit”; “it’s not nearly as forced as it used to be”; “you know it’s coming
across” (“Commentary on ‘Better’ Version,” turn 6).
Using only the data from the “better” version because of the space constraints of
this chapter, I illustrate not only how difficult it is to separate aspects of “communica-
tive competence” as currently defined, and I suggest some dimensions of the discourse
that an expanded notion of “interactional competence” may need to take into account.
Dimensions of “Competence”
The notion of “communicative competence in most current communicative language
teaching is that of Canale and Swain (1980), which is based on Hymes (1972).
Canale and Swain (1980) emphasize that both knowledge and skill are incorporated
in communicative competence. They offer four components of communicative com-
petence: grammatical, referring to mastery of the language code; strategic, referring
to mastery of techniques for dealing with breakdowns in communication; socio-
linguistic, referring to appropriate use of language in context; and discourse, refer-
ring to the production of unified spoken or written text in different genres.
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