and provinces during Tito’s reign, in reality these rights were not easily maintained.
For that reason, after Tito’s death the presidential post was transformed into a
seven-member body, representing the republics that constituted Yugoslavia. Ro-
tating presidential terms of the new political body were intended to preserve Tito’s
longstanding goal of maintaining political balance among the republics and ethnic
groups, whose size and economic and social affluence differed.
The delicate balance began to shift, however, as Yugoslavia’s largest ethnic
group, the Serbs, began to dominate the political, military, and economic leadership
of the country. The domination was apparent on the federal level as well as on some
state levels. As a result, the republics of Slovenia and Croatia struggled to break
away from Serbian domination and eventually declared independence in 1991.
Bosnia-Herzegovina followed their example in April 1992. As the Yugoslav federa-
tion disintegrated, the ethnic Serbs’ goal of dominating Yugoslavia was transformed
into the goal of creating a “Greater Serbia” in which Serbs from all parts of Yugosla-
via would live. However, this new goal could be achieved only through armed ag-
gression across the borders of Serbia and Montenegro. This new political reality led
to the short Serb invasion of Slovenia; a six-year invasion of small parts of Croatia;
and three years of aggression, ethnic cleansing, and genocide against non-Serbs, par-
ticularly Bosniaks, in Bosnia-Herzegovina (for more, see Gutman 1993; Malcom
1994; Silber and Little 1995; Sells 1996).
The town of Stari Grad and its multiethnic population were affected and changed
by these events. According to prewar census figures for Bosnia-Herzegovina, the
Stari Grad municipality comprised 44 percent Bosniaks (then known as Bosnian
Muslims), 33 percent Serbs, 22 percent Croats, and a few people who identified as
themselves as Yugoslav or other (Statisti
ki bilten no. 234 1991). These figures re-
flected what residents of the Stari Grad region were proud of: a multiethnic commu-
nity with a longstanding social and cultural history that was particularly apparent in
an exceptional blend of different architectural styles (cf. Filipovi
´
c 1990). The signifi-
cance of the shared multiethnic history of residents in the Stari Grad area changed,
however, with the impact of ultranationalist ideologies, war, and genocide.
In Stari Grad, the 1992–1995 conflict had two phases: the occupation and ag-
gression of Serb forces against Croats and Bosniaks in the interest of creating a
Greater Serbia, and the aggression of Croat forces against Bosniaks in the interest of
creating a Greater Croatia. The first phase took place in the spring of 1992 and was
over in the summer of 1992 once Croat forces advanced from the south, breaking a
three-month siege and pushing Serb forces to the surrounding hills. Serb residents of
Stari Grad had left the town voluntarily long before the Serb aggression started;
Bosniak and Croat residents remained in town until the end of siege. Even after Serb
aggression had been stopped, however, the town was still considered to be on the
frontline. For that reason, most Bosniak and Croat women, children, and elderly per-
sons relocated to the surrounding villages and towns. Some left the country
altogether.
The initial unity of Bosniak and Croat forces was broken off in 1993 when na-
tionalist Croats mobilized their forces against Bosniaks, committing crimes first in
central Bosnia-Herzegovina and then in other communities where Croats
204
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