Pernilla Hallonsten Halling

yaprue

good

so-mo-kwe]
ddem-pl-top
yaprue

good

nuw-lie
int-go.up

‘That good food really comes up well.’

(4) adv (Lock 2011: 141)

Hror-kwe
1du-top
nyo
lad
so-m-e
ddem-pl-obj
nak-me
acc-speak
ihey

excellent

hain.
sbj

‘The two of us spoke well (=greetings) to those boys and left.’
attr, pred, and adv in Abau

attr

Function: property modification within referring expression
Form: N G.MOD top ⇒ (1), (3)

preD

Function: property predication
Form: S G.MOD ⇒ (2)

aDv

Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: S G.MOD V / S V G.MOD ⇒ (3), (4)
Form 2: S spd-V ⇒ (8.29)

Level Overlaps

Root: [attr pred adv]
Lexeme: [attr pred adv]

Construction: –

Abkhaz (Northwest Caucasian)

(5) attr (Hewitt 1979: 222–223)

1. 
   la
   

dog
bz`@ya-k’
be.good-one/-indf

‘a good dog’

2. 
   a-la(-ka)
   

art-dog(-pl) ‘good dogs’


bz`@ya-k^◦a
be.good-pl

³ This example contains one instance of attr and one of adv.

(6) pred (Hewitt 1979: 224)

art
these
la
dog
(Ø-)bz`@ya-(k^◦o)-w+p’
(they-)be.good-(pl)-st.prs

‘These dogs are good.’

(7) adv (Hewitt 1979: 253)

lara`
she
y@-pùja-n`@/s@-pùja-n`@
it-be.beautiful-adv/she-be.beautiful-adv
a`-š^◦a
art-song
(Ø-)l-è^◦o-yt’
(it-)she-say-fin

‘She sings beautifully.’

8. 
   pred/adv (Hewitt 1979: 46)
   

(yara)
(he)
bz`@ya

be.good

da-q’o-w+p’
3sg-be-st.prs

‘He is well.’


attr, pred, and adv in Abkhaz

attr

Function: property modification within referring expression
Form: N ST.V(-indf)/(-pl) ⇒ (5)

preD

Function: property predication

Form 1: S (pro-)ST.V(-pl)-st.prs
Form 2: (S) ST.V_subset per.num-q’o_cop-st.prs

aDv

⇒ (6)
⇒ (8)

Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: S pro-ST.V-n@_adv V ⇒ (7), (5.13)

Form 2: (S) ST.V_subset per.num-q’o_cop-st.prs

Level Overlaps

Root: [attr pred adv]
Lexeme: [attr pred adv]
⇒ (8)

Construction: pred/adv

Acoli (Nilotic)

8. 
   attr (Crazzolara 1955: 52)
   

gìtëënò
child.pl
mà-becò

rel-nice.pl

‘nice children’

8. 
   pred (Crazzolara 1955: 56)
   

1. 
   aan
   

1sg
a-b`E`Er

1sg-good

‘I am good/nice.’

2. 
   EEn
   

3sg
b`E`Er

good

‘He/she/it is good/nice.’

8. 
   pred (Crazzolara 1955: 102–103)
   

O-bèd
3sg-be
mà-b`E`Er

rel-good

‘He/she/it is good/nice.’

8. 
   adv (Crazzolara 1955: 140)
   

kO`Ot
rain
tíin
today
òpfoòdà
has.surprised.me
mà-rààc

rel-bad

‘The rain caught me badly today.’

8. 
   adv (Crazzolara 1955: 148)
   

òc`Oy`O
3sg.painted.it
àpoor

conveniently

‘He painted it conveniently.’


attr, pred, and adv in Acoli

attr

Function: property modification within referring expression
Form: N mà_rel-ADJ.num⁴ ⇒ (9)

preD

Function: property predication
Form 1: S per.num-ADJ ⇒ (10)
Form 2: (S) per.num-bédò ‘to be’/d`Ok`O ‘to become’ mà_rel-ADJ
⇒ (11)

aDv

Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: (S) V mà_rel-ADJ ⇒ (12)
Form 2: V ADV ⇒ (13), (8.9)

Level Overlaps

Root: [attr pred adv]
Lexeme: ⁵
Construction: [pred adv], pred/adv
⁴ Not all Adjectives have distinct singular and plural forms (Crazzolara 1955: 51–52).
⁵ Acoli has not been classified as having any lexeme overlap, although it probably has one of all three functions, since it is unclear which lexemes occur in all three functions, which are inflected for number, and if the ma- prefix marks a relative clause in the above cases.

Ainu (isolate)

(14) attr (Refsing 1986: 142; Tamura 2000: 238)

pirka

be.fine

cep
fish

‘a fine fish’
(15) pred (Refsing 1986: 142, Tamura 2000: 238)

cep
fish
pirka

be.fine

‘the fish is fine’

16. 
    adv (Shibatani 1990: 19)
    

Tunas-no be.quick-aDvz ‘Get well quickly!’
pirka!
be.good

16. 
    adv (Refsing 1986: 254
    

Itak an
speak I
ciki,
so
pirka

well

nu
listen
yan!
imp

‘I shall speak, so listen well!’
(18) adv (Refsing 1986: 252)⁶

Emkota ku

early I

hopuni
rise
hine,
and
ku wakkata
I draw.water
kusu
in.order.to
pet
river
otta
to
ku oman.
I go

‘I got up early and went to the river in order to draw water.’


attr, pred, and adv in Ainu

attr

Function: property modification within referring expression
Form: ST.V N ⇒ (14)

preD

Function: property predication
Form: S ST.V ⇒ (15)

⁶ Emkota also has the meaning ‘quickly’ (Refsing 1986: 135).

aDv

Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: ST.V-no_adv V ⇒ (16), (5.12a) Form 2: ST.V⁷ V ⇒ (17)
Form 3: ADV S V ⇒ (18) Form 4: ST.V-/ADV-V ⇒ (5.22a)
Form 5: S pfx_advl-V ⇒ (5.22b)

Level Overlaps

Root: [attr pred adv]
Lexeme: [attr pred adv]

Construction: –

Alamblak (Sepik)

(19) adv (Bruce 1984: 277, 205)

bumbri-t-nanë
hurry-3sg.f-relr
pailatr
pilot
fakrekutabmërt
switched.he.it

‘The pilot switched over in a hurry.’

(20) adv (Bruce 1984: 162)

tandhi-ak-ni-difrën-më-t-m
cook-get-go-anxiously-rempst-3sg.f-3pl ‘She cooked, got them (and) went anxiously.’


attr, pred, and adv in Alamblak

attr

Function: property modification within referring expression

Form:

preD

dem ADJ N=per.num.gen / dem N ADJ=per.num.gen
⇒ (6.2)

Function: property predication
Form: S ADJ-e_cop=per.num.gen
⇒ (6.3)

⁷ At least some Stative Verbs are used without the -no suffix in adv. Shibatani (1990: 80) states that

-no is used in “colloquial language”, whereas Stative Verbs generally are used in adv without the suffix. No is also found as a conjunction (Refsing 1986: 134, Tamura 2000: 148), as illustrated in (5.12b). Loeb-Diehl (2005: 36–37) states that -no in adv is in the process of being grammaticalized.

aDv

Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: ADV⁸ V ⇒ (8.8)
Form 2: ADV=per.num.gen-relr S V ⇒ (19) Form 3: V-sfx_advl ⇒ (20)

Level Overlaps

Root: [attr pred]
Lexeme: [attr pred]

Construction: –

Bambara (Mande)

(21) attr (Brauner 1974: 39-40)

1. 
   se
   

legs
jan-u

long-pl

‘long legs’

2. 
   watiri
   

car
tèlima

fast

‘a fast car’

(22) pred (Brauner 1974: 40–41)

A
his
se-u
leg-pl
ka
cop
jan.

long

‘His legs are long.’

23. 
    adv (Brauner 1974: 76)
    

O
that
bèe
all
kèra
made