Pernilla Hallonsten Halling

n`ghliN

white

ya`
cop
lgùt
cloth
ya´
dem

‘that cloth is white’ (for a cloth indicated by a hand gesture, ‘middle distance’)

65. 
    adv (Frajzyngier & Shay 2002: 122)
    

ta`
ipfv
xa`na´y
sleep
tsa´
def
m`ndú
man
ya´
dem
ta´
obj
xa`ní
sleep
d´ag´al´a

large

‘that man sleeps a lot’

65. 
    adv (Frajzyngier & Shay 2002: 232-233)
    

mba`d
then
ka´
comp
mbíza`
bean.dish
ka`
seq
da`-ta`
cook-ref
mbúúlùk

very.well

‘Then the bean dish cooked very well.’

attr

attr, pred, and adv in Hdi

Function: property modification within referring expression

Form 1: N G.MOD₁
Form 2: N-á_gen G.MOD₂¹⁸
⇒ (68)
⇒ (69)

Form 3: N kà_prep G.MOD₂ ⇒ (7.37a)

preD

Function: property predication
Form 1: G.MOD₁ S ⇒ (70)
Form 2: kà_prep G.MOD₂ cop S ⇒ (71), (7.38)

aDv

Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: V G.MOD₁ ⇒ (72)
Form 2: V kà_prep G.MOD₂ ⇒ (7.37b) Form 3: V ADV ⇒ (73)

Form 4: V (tà_prep) X-redup

Level Overlaps

Root: [attr pred adv]
Lexeme: [attr pred adv]
Construction: –
⇒ (5.17)

Hup (Nadahup)

(74) adv (Epps 2008: 448)

póg=y1P

big-tel

wæ´d!
eat.imp

‘Eat a lot!’ (commonly said upon invitation to share someone’s meal)

attr

attr, pred, and adv in Hup

Function: property modification within referring expression
Form 1: N ADJ ⇒ (6.32)
Form 2: N G.MOD ⇒ (6.34a)

preD

Function: property predication
Form 1: S ADJ(-asp)/G.MOD(-asp) ⇒ (6.35)

¹⁸ G.MOD₂ are color words with a clear nominal origin. In attr, the head Noun takes a genitive ending

-á (Form 2 ), or the color word is preceded by the preposition kà ‘like’ (Form 3 ) (Frajzyngier & Shay 2002: 74)

Form: G.MOD=y1P_tel V ⇒ (74), (6.33), (6.34b)

Level Overlaps

Root: [attr pred], [attr pred adv] Lexeme: [attr pred], [attr pred adv] Construction: –

Imbabura Quechua (Quechuan)

(75) attr (Cole 1985: 73)

jatun

big

ruma
man

‘a big man’

(76) adv (Cole 1985: 71)

Juzi
José
ñapash

quickly

chay
that
ruwana-ta
poncho-acc
rura-rka
make-pst.3

‘José made that poncho quickly.’

(77) adv (Cole 1985: 186)

wagli-ta

damage-acc/aDv

tushu-n
dance-3

‘He dances incorrectly.’

(78) adv (Cole 1985: 186)

pay-ka
he-top
jari

male

jari

reDup

trabaja-rka
work-pst.3

‘He worked hard.’


attr, pred, and adv in Imbabura Quechua

attr

Function: property modification within referring expression
Form: N/ADJ N ⇒ (75), (6.8a)

preD

Function: property predication
Form: (S) N/ADJ-mi _val (ka-_cop)¹⁹ ⇒ (6.8b–c)

¹⁹ The Copula ka- is obligatory except in present tense and third person (1985: 67).

aDv

Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: S ADV V ⇒ (76)
Form 2: S N/ADJ-ta_acc/adv V ⇒ (77), (6.8d) Form 3: S N redup V ⇒ (78)

Level Overlaps

Root: [attr pred adv]
Lexeme: [attr pred]

Construction: –

Imonda (Border)

(79) attr (Seiler 1985: 32)

ti
tree
kuii(-l)
tall(-nmlz)

‘tall tree’

(80) pred (Seiler 1985: 154-155)

ehe
3
kuii-l
tall-nmlz
(lõh-f )
(stand-prs)

‘he is tall’

81. 
    adv (Seiler 1985: 29)
    

tit-nam
ignorant=adv
e-tagla-ual-fna.
du-go.round-du-prog

‘they (two) went around in ignorance’

81. 
    adv (Seiler 1985: 78)
    

pueta

secretly

sum
behind
uai-eg-ula-f
acc-follow-int-prs

‘she followed them secretly with him’

81. 
    attr (Seiler 1985: 33)
    

ti
tree
kubui

int

‘a big tree’

81. 
    adv (Seiler 1985: 34)
    

ka uagl-kubui
1 go-int
fe-fna
do-prog

‘I was going a long way’

attr, pred, and adv in Imonda

attr

Function: property modification within referring expression
Form 1: N/S ADJ(-l _nmlz) ⇒ (79)
Form 2: N kubui /pete ⇒ (83)

preD

Function: property predication
Form: N/S ADJ-l _nmlz (cop) ⇒ (80), (7.24a), (7.25a)

aDv

Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: (S) ADJ=nam_adv V ⇒ (81), (5.10), (7.24b), (7.25b), Form 2: ADV V ⇒ (82)
Form 2: V-kubui _int ⇒ (84)

Level Overlaps

Root: [attr adv], [attr pred adv]
Lexeme: [attr pred]

Construction: [attr pred]

Jamsay (Dogon)

(85) attr (Heath 2008: 225-226)

1. 
   má
   

1sg.poss
ùrò
house
dàGà

small

pírú bé
white pl

‘my small white houses’

2. 
   ùrò
   

house
`Ejù

good

núNò
dem
taˇ:n
three
kùⁿ
def

‘these/those three nice houses’
(86) pred (Heath 2008: 432)
těyⁿ=w`O-m small=be-1sg.sbj ‘I am small.’
(87) adv (Heath 2008: 320)

yóo góo

negligently

pàGà-w
tie.pfv-2sg.sbj

‘You tied it carelessly (e.g. too loosely).’
(88) adv (Heath 2008: 530)

´Og´O-r´O

be.fast

kò
sbj
d´O:=k`O
reach=be
dèné-w`ⁿ
want.ipfv-2sg.sbj
dèy
if

‘if you want it (wall under construction) to reach (its endpoint) quickly’

attr, pred, and adv in Jamsay

attr

Function: property modification within referring expression
Form: N ADJ (num) (art) ⇒ (85)

preD

Function: property predication

Form 1: ADJ=k`O/=w`O_cop
Form 2: ADV_ideo=k`O/=w`O_cop

aDv

⇒ (86)
⇒ (5.19a)

Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: ADV_ideo V ⇒ (87), (5.19b)
Form 2: V V²⁰ ⇒ (88)

Level Overlaps

Root: [attr pred], [pred adv]
Lexeme: [attr pred], [pred adv]

Construction: [pred adv]

Jamul Tiipay (Cochimi-Yuman)

(89) attr (Miller 2001: 207-208)

[xa
[water
kw-a’pin]
sbj.rel-be.warm]
lly-aatuk
in-pour

‘She poured in warm water (lit. water which was warm).’

(90) pred (Miller 2001: 151, 138)

nyip-ch
that.one-sbj
we-llich
3-be.bad

‘That one is bad.’

(91) adv (Miller 2001: 170)

spir

hard

k-apni
imp-pull

‘Pull hard!’

(92) adv (Miller 2001: 173)

armewil
car
me-taanawa
2-drive
me-spir
2-go.fast
m-aar

2. 
   do.much
   

‘You are driving the car too fast.’

²⁰ Form 2 is a type of verb chaining which often involves motion Verbs (2008: 528).

attr, pred, and adv in Jamul Tiipay

attr

Function: property modification within referring expression
Form: N kw-_sbj.relST.V ⇒ (89), (5.5a)/(6.17)

preD

Function: property predication
Form: (S) per-ST.V ⇒ (90); (5.5b)/(6.18)

aDv

Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: (S) ADV²¹ V ⇒ (91), (5.6)
Form 2: (S) (per-)V V/aux ⇒ (92)

Level Overlaps

Root: [attr pred], [attr pred adv] Lexeme: [attr pred], [attr pred adv] Construction: –

Kalaallisut (Eskimo-Aleut)

93. 
    attr (Fortescue 1984: 302)
    

illuqarvik
town