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só˛
angry
h˛il˛i
3.be
‘S/he is angry.’
xii
hurry
en˛idhe˛
3.want
‘S/he is anxious.’49
(192) adv (Rice 1989: 390)
xii
fast
Pat’˛i
3.goe
‘S/he goes quickly.’
(193) adv (Rice 1989: 368)
gó˛shó-ta
hard-post
sePónédéhse
3.pushed.1sg
‘S/he pushed me hard.’
attr, pred, and adv in Slave
attr
Function: property modification within referring expression
Form 1: N ST.V i rel ⇒ (189)
Form 2: N/S ST.V ⇒ (190)
49 Note that ‘hurry’ is the glossing provided by Rice (1989: 389), without any comment on the translation.
Form 1: N/S ST.V ⇒ (190)
Form 2: ST.Vsubset -łé ‘be’ ⇒ (191a) Form 3: ST.Vsubset -whe˛ ‘want, allow’ ⇒ (191b) aDv
Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: ST.Vsubset -whe˛ ‘want, allow’ ⇒ (191b) Form 2: ST.V V ⇒ (192)
Form 3: ST.V-tapost V ⇒ (193)
Level Overlaps
Root: [attr pred adv]
Lexeme: [attr pred adv]
Construction: [attr pred], [pred adv], pred/adv
Swahili (Atlantic-Congo)
attr (Myachina 1981: 33)
m-tu
i-man
mw-ema
i-good
‘a good man’
adv (p.c. Marilena Thanassoula)
To-sema
2sg:neg-speak
ki-toto!
vii-child
‘Don’t speak childishly!’
adv (p.c. Marilena Thanassoula)
A-li-fanya
3sg-pst-do
kazi
ix:work
u-pesi.
xi-fast
‘He worked fast.’
attr, pred, and adv in Swahili
attr
Function: property modification within referring expression
Form: n.cl-N n.cl-N/ADJ ⇒ (194), (6.6a)
preD
Function: property predication
Form: S ni cop n.cl-N/ADJ (int) ⇒ (6.6b)
aDv
Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: V n.clother-N/ADJ ⇒ (195); (6.7)
⇒
Form 2: V n.cl-N/ADJ (196) Form 3: V prep-N50
Level Overlaps
Root: [attr pred adv]
Lexeme: [attr pred], [attr pred adv]
Construction: –
Tagalog (Austronesian)
attr
attr, pred, and adv in Tagalog
Function: property modification within referring expression
Form: ( ang spec/top) (s t-) X51 na/ -ng lk N ⇒ (7.28), (7.29)
preD
Function: property predication
Form: X ang spec/top S ⇒ (7.33)
aDv
Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form: X na/ -ng lk V (S) ⇒ (7.31)
Level Overlaps
Root: [attr pred adv]
Lexeme: 52
Construction: [attr adv]
50 No examples of adverbial prepositional examples have been attested, but a couple of examples are:
kwa haraka ‘hurriedly’ and kwa siri ‘secretly’ (Ashton 1947: 158).
51 ‘X’ is used for the property item here, since this there is no specific class in Tagalog which this is limited to.
52 Tagalog could perhaps also be analyzed as having a total overlap on the lexeme level, since any appropriate property item can be used in any of the functions, but since there is no lexeme class whose use is limited to any specific functions, it is not analyzed as having any lexeme overlap.
Turkish (Turkic)
attr (Göksel & Kerslake 2005: 191)
yüksek
tall
‘tall tree’
ağaç
tree
pred (Göksel & Kerslake 2005: 19, Lees 1972: 70)
‘The tree is tall.’
Sengenç-sin
2sg young-2sg
‘You are young.’
adv (Göksel & Kerslake 2005: 139)
Yavas
slow
yürü.
walk
‘walk slowly’
adv (Göksel & Kerslake 2005: 214)
Erkeksi
masculine
bir
a
biçim-de
manner-loc
konuşur
speaks
‘She talks in a masculine way.’
adv (Göksel & Kerslake 2005: 214)
Bu
this
sorunu
problem
bilimsel olarak
scientific cvb
araştırmalıyız.
investigate
‘We must investigate this problem in a scientific way.’
(202) adv (Lewis 1967: 194)
Yavaş-ça
gentle-aDv
Jale-nin
J.-poss
koluna
arm
dokundu.
touched
‘S/he gently touched Jale’s arm.’
(Göksel & Kerslake 2005: 215), (Göksel & Kerslake 2010: 83)
Osman
O.
çocuk-ça
child-aDv
davranıyor.
behave
‘Osman is behaving childishly.’
adv (p.c. Hatice Zora)
çabuk
quickly
gel
come.imp
‘Come quick(ly)!’
attr, pred, and adv in Turkish
attr
Function: property modification within referring expression
Form 1: ADJ N ⇒ (197)
Form 2: G.MOD art N ⇒ (8.20a)
preD
Function: property predication
Form: S ADJ(per.num) ⇒ (198)
aDv
Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: (S) G.MOD V ⇒ (199), (1.2)/(8.20b)
Form 2: ADJSUBSET1 art N-loc V ⇒ (200) Form 3: ADJSUBSET2 olarak cvb V ⇒ (201) Form 4: ADJSUBSET3-caadv V ⇒ (202) Form 5: S N-caadv V ⇒ (203)
Form 6: ADV V ⇒ (204)
Level Overlaps
Root: [attr pred adv]
Lexeme: [attr pred], [attr pred adv]
Construction: –
Urarina (isolate)
(205) attr (Olawsky 2006: 192-193, 189)
ni-a
be-3
ka=raj
1sg=poss
teru
axe
kauat-i
be.good-nmlz
‘I have a good axe.’
˜aaSihi-i
be.small-nmlz
n0ne
branch
baku-ri-˜i
break-spd-ptcp
0-a-e
come-caus-3
‘He broke off a little branch and brought it.’
attr (Olawsky 2006: 195)
bute
boat
seohwa
big
itCa-e
make-3
‘He made a big boat.’
pred (Olawsky 2006: 189)
˜aaSihi-a
be.small-3
kaa
this
lureri
house
‘This house is small.’
(208) adv (Olawsky 2006: 192-193)
kauati-˜i be.good-ptcp ‘Close it well!’
kusi ña-0
close-imp
attr, pred, and adv in Urarina
attr
Function: property modification within referring expression
Form 1: N ST.V-j nmlz / ST.V-j nmlz N ⇒ (205) Form 2: N ADJ ⇒ (206)
preD
Function: property predication
Form: ST.V-per S ⇒ (207)
aDv
Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: ST.V-˜i ptcp/cvb V ⇒ (208)
Form 2: V-uri spd
Form 3: V ADVideo
Level Overlaps
Root: [attr pred adv]
Lexeme: –
Construction: –
⇒ (3.23)
⇒ (5.21)
Waiwai (Cariban)
attr (Hawkins 1998: 198)
mîîmo-tho
house -old.and.bad ‘an old and bad house’
parakwe-ci drinking.bowl-small ‘small drinking bowl’
attr (Hawkins 1998: 183)
tî-kpo-re-m
aDvz-sweetness-aDvz-nmlz
‘a sweet one’
adv (Hawkins 1998: 204)
tî-kpo-re
advz-sweetness-advz
‘sweetly’
attr, pred, and adv in Waiwai
attr
Function: property modification within referring expression
Form 1: N-tho/-ci ⇒ (209)
Form 2: advz-N-advz-nmlz ⇒ (210)
preD
Function: property predication
Form: ADV cop S ⇒ (6.5a)/(7.9a)
aDv
Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: ADV V
53
⇒ (6.5b)/(7.9b)
Form 2: advz-N-advz
Level Overlaps
⇒ (211)
Root: Lexeme: Construction:
[pred adv] [pred adv] [pred adv]
Warekena (Arawakan)
attr (Aikhenvald 1998: 298)
neyawa
woman
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