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hátka-Vhco-V˛
be.white-hab-phr
‘The house is white.’
adv (Kimball 1991: 494)
ca-co:-libátlin
1sg.sbj-loc-burn
polá:ki
quickly
limítka-lin
swallow-1sg.sbj
am-filánhk-ok
1sg.sbj-diverge-foc
óm.
be
‘My mouth was burning, and I swallowed quickly, and it has just gone down the wrong way.’
adv (Kimball 1991: 488)
ca-conoská-k
1sg.poss-heart-sbj
pálk-á:ho:si-n
be.fast-int-sw
bókl
beat
‘My heart is beating very fast.’
adv (Kimball 1991: 490)
wayóhka-k
fly.pl-ss
ho-pálki-palámmi-n
Distr-be.fast-int-sw
‘They all fly very fast.’
attr, pred, and adv in Koasati
attr
Function: property modification within referring expression
Form: N ST.V ⇒ (122)
preD
Function: property predication Form: S ST.V-asp-phr ⇒ (123) aDv
Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: ADV V ⇒ (124) Form 2: (S) ST.V-nsw V ⇒ (125)
Form 3: V-k ss ST.V-nsw ⇒ (126)
Level Overlaps
Root: [attr pred adv]
Lexeme: [attr pred adv]
Construction: –
Koyra Chiini (Songhay)
attr (Heath 1999: 73)
har
man
beer
big
(konn-o,
(hot-aDj,
čirey,
red,
futu-nte)
bad-ptcp)
di
def
‘the big (hot, red, bad) man.’
pred (Heath 1999: 73)
ni
3sg
beer
big
(koron,
(hot,
čirey,
red,
futu)
bad)
‘You (sg) were big (hot, red, bad).’
(129) adv (Heath 1999: 253)
wo
2pl.imp
dam
do
mooso
slowly
‘You (pl) do it slowly (gently)!’
(130) adv (Heath 1999: 253)32
wo
2pl.imp
tamba
do-fast
‘You (pl) do it quickly!’
attr, pred, and adv in Koyra Chiini
attr
Function: property modification within referring expression
Form 1: N/S ST.V ⇒ (127)
Form 2: N ST.V-oadj ⇒ (127)
Form 3: N ST.V-nteptcp
preD
⇒ (127)
Function: property predication
Form: N/S ST.V ⇒ (128)
aDv
Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: S V ADV-(redup) ⇒ (129), (5.3) Form 2: S (V) ST.V ⇒ (130)
Level Overlaps
Root: [attr pred adv]
Lexeme: [attr pred adv]
Construction: [attr pred]
32 Tamba can also be used as a Verb meaning ‘hurry, do fast, go fast’, and may then modify another Verb either in a separate clause or in an SVC (Heath 1999: 253).
Krongo (Kadugli-Krongo)
(131) attr (Reh 1985: 251)
mòtò
work
m-`adéel´a
con.f-be.good.ipfv
‘good work’
(132)
|
pred (Reh 1985: 251)
m-`adéel´a mòtò.
|
|
|
f-be.good.ipfv work
|
|
|
‘The work is good.’
|
|
(133)
|
adv (Reh 1985: 301)33
|
|
|
m-a´aN ìttóN a´dìya`
|
´a-m`alìN m-úuda` ka`-ba´ra´kóora`
|
f-cop
small.rabbit
come.inf
ins-theft
gen-meat
poss-jackal
‘And the rabbit comes to steal the jackal’s meat. (lit. And the rabbit comes for the theft of jackal’s meat.)’
(134) adv (Reh 1985: 302)
n-óocó-óní
1/2-ipfv-laugh-dtr
‘I laugh without joy.’
a`P`aN
I
N-a´sa`N
con-ipfv.neg.have
kí-tùlùnkwa´ana´
loc-joy
attr, pred, and adv in Krongo
attr
Function: property modification within referring expression
Form: N con.gnd-ST.V ⇒ (131)
preD
Function: property predication
Form: ST.V.gnd/gnd-ST.V S ⇒ (132)
aDv
Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: V S ADV1 ⇒ (5.2)
Form 2: V S ins-N
Form 3: V S ADV234
⇒ (133)
⇒ (8.6)
Form 4: SVC ⇒ (134)
33 Ám`alìN is also attested as a lexicalized Adverb meaning ‘secretly’ (Reh 1985: 301).
34 ADV 2 are originally place Adverbs that have secondary manner meanings: kídò ‘loudly’ from ‘up, upward and kúbú ‘quietly, softly’ from ‘down, downward’ (1985: 300).
Level Overlaps
Root: [attr pred adv]
Lexeme: [attr pred]
Construction: –
Lahu (Sino-Tibetan)
attr=pred (Matisoff 1973: 547)
NâP
birds
dàP
good
ve
nmlz/rel
‘pretty birds’ / ‘Birds are pretty.’
adv (Matisoff 1973: 273)
hâP
quickly
qay-P
go-imp
‘Hurry up and go!’
attr
attr, pred, and adv in Lahu
Function: property modification within referring expression
Form 1: ST.V venmlz/rel N ⇒ (6.38) Form 2: N/S ST.V venmlz/rel ⇒ (135) Form 3: S ST.V `Epart venmlz/rel N ⇒ (6.39) preD
Function: property predication
Form 1: N/S ST.V venmlz/rel ⇒ (135)
Form 2: S ST.V `Epart Vsubset vepart ⇒ (6.40)/(7.19)
aDv
Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: ADV V ⇒ (136)
Form 2: qha-advV V ⇒ (5.25), (8.28) Form 3: S ST.V `Epart Vsubset vepart ⇒ (6.40)
Level Overlaps
Root: [attr pred adv]
Lexeme: [attr pred adv]
Construction: [attr pred], pred/adv
Lakota (Siouan)
(137) attr (Ingham 2003: 83–84)
ziNtkala
bird
t’aNka
be.large
waN
one
yaNke
sit
‘a large bird sat’
adv (Ingham 2003: 30)
c’apa-la
beaver-dim
k’uN
top
he
that
taNyaN
well
yuhapi-la
look.3pl-dim
‘They looked after that little beaver well.’
attr, pred, and adv in Lakota
attr
Function: property modification within referring expression Form: N ST.V (waNindf.sg/eyaindf.pl) (ki /k’uNtop) ⇒ (137) preD
Function: property predication
Form: S ST.V-ya/-yela hev ⇒ (4.8)/(7.16)
aDv
Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: S ST.V-ya/-yela hev ⇒ (4.8)/(7.16)
Form 2: S ST.V-ya/-yela V35 ⇒ (7.17)
Form 3: ADV V ⇒ (138)
Level Overlaps
Root: [attr pred adv]
Lexeme: Construction:
[pred adv]
[pred adv], pred/adv
Lezgian (Nakh-Daghestanian)
attr (Haspelmath 1993: 143)
AlAt-Aj
pass-aop
˜qAču-na-j.
jis.u-z
year-dat
Dilber.A
Dilber(erg)
q’we
two
predmet.d-Aj
subject-inel
pis
bad
˜qimet-Ar
grade-pl
take-aor-pst
‘The year before, Dilber had gotten bad grades in two subjects.’
35 Note that several other derivational suffixes than those in form 1 and 2 are also found in this function (Boas & Deloria 1941: 137).
pred (Haspelmath 1993: 312)
Ruš
girl
šAd
glad
jA.
cop
‘The girl is glad.’
adv (Haspelmath 1993: 115)
RA˜q.ini
sun(erg)
gzAf
much
pis
bad
črA-zwA.
burn-ipfv
‘The sun is burning very badly.’
attr, pred, and adv in Lezgian
attr
Function: property modification within referring expression
Form 1: ADJ N ⇒ (139)36
Form 2: G.MOD N ⇒ (139)
preD
Function: property predication
Form 1: S ADJ jacop
⇒ (140)
Form 2: S ADJ -dakaz / -diz / -z adv amacop ‘be still in’ ⇒ (7.23)
aDv
Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: S ADJ -dakaz / -diz / -z adv V ⇒ (5.9) Form 2: S ADJ -dakaz / -diz / -z adv amacop ‘be still in’ ⇒ (7.23) Form 3: S G.MOD V ⇒ (141)
Form 4: S ADV V ⇒ (8.2)
Level Overlaps
Root: [attr pred adv]
Lexeme: [att pred], [att pred adv]
Construction: [pred adv], pred/adv
Ma’di (Central Sudanic)
attr (Blackings & Fabb 2003: 106)
´Op´1
Opi
n¯1
pr
áa¯rá
child
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