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l¯Os´O
good
r`1
def
P¯1
foc
‘Opi is a good child.’
36 It is unclear whether this example instantiates an Adjective or a General Modifier.
pred (Blackings & Fabb 2003: 106)
´Op´1
Opi
n¯1
pr
l¯Os´O
good
‘Opi is good/fine.’
adv (Blackings & Fabb 2003: 125)
´Op´1
Opi
p¯1
pr.pl
o¯-tSo¯
thrash
ìtó
Ito
p¯1
pr.pl
péléré
clean(.sg)
‘Opi and his companions thrashed Ito and his companions thoroughly.’
adv (Blackings & Fabb 2003: 126)37
tSé tSé
slowly
r`1
def
´Op´1
Opi
o¯-mu¯
3-go
n`1
foc
‘The one who went slowly is Opi.’
adv (Blackings & Fabb 2003: 126)
¯emú
go
¯Ez`E
early
‘He came early/a long time ago.’
adv (Blackings & Fabb 2003: 127)
k´-¯andr´E
3-look
èbì èbì
lion lion
‘It looks like a lion.’
adv (Blackings & Fabb 2003: 505)
¯O-r`1
3-sit
f`1à
comfortably
‘She sat comfortably.’ (in a relaxed manner)
attr, pred, and adv in Ma’di
attr
Function: property modification within referring expression
Form: N N/ADJ.num 38 art ⇒ (142)
preD
Function: property predication
Form: S pro N/ADJ.num ⇒ (143)
37 TSé tSé instantiates a reduplicated Noun, which combined with the definite article forms an Adverbial (Blackings & Fabb 2003: 126).
38 All property words except color words have singular and plural forms in attr and pred indicated by tone (Blackings & Fabb 2003: 106).
aDv
Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: S V N/ADJsg39 ⇒ (144)
Form 2: N redup r‘1def V ⇒ (145), (5.18a)
Form 3: V N/ADJ-redup
Form 4: V N-redup
Form 5: V ADVideo
Level Overlaps
Root: [attr pred adv]
Lexeme: [attr pred]
Construction: –
⇒ (146)
⇒ (147), (5.18b)
⇒ (148)
Maltese (Afro-Asiatic)
attr=pred (Aquilina 1965: 39)
Il-ktieb
art-book
g˙did
new.sg.m
‘the new book/the book is new’
attr (Borg & Azzopardi-Alexander 1997: 112)
Ghandi
at.1sg
karozza
car
g˙dida
new.sg.f
‘I have a new car.’
pred (Borg & Azzopardi-Alexander 1997: 58)
Il-kampanja
art-country
sabièa
beautiful.sg.f
wisq
too.much
‘The countryside is really beautiful.’
adv (Borg & Azzopardi-Alexander 1997: 58)
Il-tfal
art-children
marru
went.3pl
tajjeb
good
‘The children enjoyed themselves.’
adv (Borg & Azzopardi-Alexander 1997: 81)
Jaèdem
work.3sg.m
èafna
much
u
and
bl-addoc˙c˙
with-the.carelessness
‘He works a lot and carelessly.’
39 In adv, some Adjectives can be used in the singular (Blackings & Fabb 2003: 125). A general modifier analysis could also be an option, though has not been done here.
attr
attr, pred, and adv in Maltese
Function: property modification within referring expression
Form 1: N/S ADJ.num.gnd ⇒ (149), (150)
Form 2: N G.MOD.num.gnd ⇒ (7.39)
preD
Function: property predication
Form 1: N/S ADJ.num.gnd ⇒ (149), (151)
aDv
Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: S V G.MOD(.num.gnd) ⇒ (152), (7.39)
Form 2: V ADV ⇒ (8.5)
Form 3: V bi / blaprep-N ⇒ (153)
Level Overlaps
Root: [attr pred], [attr pred adv] Lexeme: [attr pred], [attr pred adv] Construction: [attr pred], [attr adv]
Mam (Mayan)
attr (England 1983: 146)
nuch
small
b’ix
and
sib’
gray
tx’yaan
dog
‘small and gray dog’
(155) adv (England 1983: 190-191)
qapa
if
chiix
suddenly
t-kuP-tz
3sg.erg-go
jb’aal
down-dir
rain
‘Maybe suddenly it will rain.’
attr
attr, pred, and adv in Mam
Function: property modification within referring expression
Form 1: ADJ N
40 ⇒ (154)
Form 2:
preD
dem num N ADJ
⇒ (6.14a)
Function: property predication
Form: (S) ADJ-per.num.cas ⇒ (6.14b)
40 The Adjective precedes the NP head, unless there is a demonstrative, number, etc which takes this position: then the Adjective follows the NP head. A few Adjectives can occur anywhere (England 1983: 145, 135).
aDv
Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form: ADV V (S) ⇒ (155), (8.3)
Level Overlaps
Root: [attr pred]
Lexeme: [attr pred]
Construction: –
Mapudungun (Auracanian)
(156) adv (Smeets 2008: 297)
müchay
soon
künu-y
let.be-ind-3
‘She did [it] quickly.’
(157) adv (Smeets 2008: 312)
angkü-nten get.dry -nmlz ‘dries quickly’
(158) adv (Smeets 2008: 307)
yi-yi-künu-fi-ñ
eat-eat-sfr-prps-edo-ind.1sg
‘I ate it quickly.’
attr, pred, and adv in Mapudungun
attr
Function: property modification within referring expression
Form 1: ADJ N ⇒ (6.23)41
Form 2: G.MOD N ⇒ (6.23)
preD
Function: property predication
Form: S ADJ-per.moo
⇒ (6.24)
41 Mapudungun appears to have both Adjectives and General Modifiers, although they are not clearly separable in the attested examples.
aDv
Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: ADV V ⇒ (156)
Form 2: G.MOD V ⇒ (6.25)
Form 3: V-(ü)nten42nmlz ⇒ (157)
Form 4: V-redup
Level Overlaps
⇒ (158)
Root: [attr pred], [attr pred adv] Lexeme: [attr adv]/[attr pred adv] Construction: –
Marathi (Indo-European)
attr (Dhongde & Wali 2009: 57)
Mi ek
I a
unk@
tall
man. us
man.m.sg
pahi-l-a.
see-pfv-m.sg
‘I saw a tall man.’
attr (Dhongde & Wali 2009: 57)
Mi ek
I a
wed. -i
crazy-f.sg
mulgi
girl-f.sg
pahy-l-i.
saw-pfv-f.sg
‘I saw a crazy girl.’
pred (Dhongde & Wali 2009: 57)
Madh@v
Madhav
unk@
tall
ahe.
be-prs
‘Madhav is tall.’
pred (Dhongde & Wali 2009: 57)
Mina
Mina.(f)
wed. -i
crazy-fsg
ahe.
be-prs
‘Mina is crazy.’
adv (Dhongde & Wali 2009: 236)
Lili
Lili
h@.lu
slowly
h@.lu
slowly
an. i
and
m@nd
dim
sw@r-at
voice-post
bol-t-e.
speak-ipfv-3fsg
‘Lili speaks slowly and in a low voice.’
adv (Dhongde & Wali 2009: 106)
lili
Lili.f.sg
sarkh-i
continuous-f.sg
h@s-@t
laugh-ipfv
rahte
V2.ipfv.fsg
‘Lili laughs continuously.’
42 The suffix -(ü)nten is a nominalizer according to Smeets (2008: 312), but it also “indicates that the event denoted by the verb [to which it attaches] can be realized quickly and easily”.
attr, pred, and adv in Marathi
attr
Function: property modification within referring expression
Form 1: G.MOD1 N ⇒ (159)
Form 2: G.MOD2-num.gnd.cas N ⇒ (160), (8.19a)43
preD
Function: property predication
Form 1: S G.MOD1 ahecop
Form 2: G.MOD2-num.gnd.cas ahecop
aDv
⇒ (161)44
⇒ (162)
Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: S ADV V
45
⇒ (163)
Form 2: S G.MOD 1 V
Form 3: S G.MOD 2-num.gnd.cas V ⇒ (8.19b); (164)
Level Overlaps
Root: [attr pred], [attr pred adv] Lexeme: [attr pred], [attr pred adv] Construction: –
Mian (Nuclear Trans New Guinean)
attr (Fedden 2011: 213)
kofi
coffee
dót
very
klâ
really
kok=e
sour=sg.n1
‘some really very sour coffee’
pred (Fedden 2011: 114)
kofi=e
coffe=sgn1
kok=o=be
sour=prD=Decl
‘This coffee is sour.’
pred (Fedden 2011: 114)
Mosbi
pn
o¯=le
n2=top
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