1. Joseph, Son of David, Accepts Jesus as His Son (1:18–25)
¹⁸The Messiah’s¹³ origin¹⁴ was like this. His mother Mary was engaged¹⁵ to
Joseph, but before they came together she was found to be pregnant through¹
the Holy Spirit. ¹ Joseph her husband, because he was a righteous man and yet¹⁷
did not want to expose her to scandal, came to the conclusion that he should
break the engagement¹⁸ privately. ² But when he had decided on this, suddenly¹
an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream and said, “Joseph, son of David,
do not be afraid to accept² Mary as your wife; for the child she has conceived is
from the Holy Spirit. ²¹She will give birth to a son, and you are to give him the
name Jesus, because it is he who will save his people from their sins.”
²²All this happened to fulfill what had been declared by the Lord through the
prophet, who said,²¹
²³“Look, the virgin will become pregnant and will give birth to a son, and they
will give him the name Immanuel”²²—which is translated²³ “God with us.”
²⁴When Joseph got up from sleep, he did just as the angel of the Lord had
directed him: he accepted his wife, ²⁵and he did not have intercourse with her
until she had given birth to a son;²⁴ and he gave him the name Jesus.
The “book of origin” has left us with an unresolved problem. Joseph has been
shown to be the “son of David,” the heir to the royal dynasty of Judah, but in v.
16 Matthew has abandoned his regular formula to indicate that Jesus, the son of
Joseph’s wife Mary, was not in fact Joseph’s son (and Matthew carefully avoids
ever referring to Joseph as Jesus’ “father”). What then is the relevance of this
dynastic list to the story of Jesus, son of Mary? These verses will explain,
therefore, how Jesus came to be formally adopted and named by Joseph, despite
his own natural inclinations, and thus to become officially “son of David;” the
angel’s address to Joseph as “son of David” in v. 20 will highlight the issue.²⁵
Joseph’s decision is directed by God, through an angelic revelation in a dream.
Specific emphasis is placed both in the angel’s message and in the subsequent
narrative on Joseph’s role in naming Jesus,² which was the responsibility of the
legal father and which ensured the official status of the son and heir (cf Isa 43:1:
“I have called you by name; you are mine”). So not only is the name Jesus in
itself theologically significant, but also the fact that it is given to him under
divine direction, and by whom it is given. It is through this act of Joseph that
Jesus also becomes “son of David.”
Joseph is persuaded to take this bold step by the assurance that Mary’s
pregnancy is not the result of infidelity but is of divine origin. The tradition of
Jesus’ virgin conception, already hinted at in the formulation of v. 16, is thus
central to these verses, and is underlined by Matthew’s statement that Joseph had
no intercourse with Mary until after Jesus’ birth. Here is the most impressive
agreement between the opening chapters of Matthew and those of Luke, despite
their almost complete independence in terms of narrative content (on which see
above). What Luke achieves by his story of the angelic annunciation to Mary
(Luke 1:26–38) Matthew conveys by the angelic announcement to Joseph.
Mary’s incredulity in Luke 1:34 is matched here by Joseph’s initial natural
assumption as to the source of the pregnancy, and each needs explicit angelic
explanation to overcome it. Both evangelists specifically attribute the pregnancy
to the power of the Holy Spirit (Luke 1:35; Matt 1:18, 21), and both explicitly
refer to Mary as “virgin” (Luke 1:34; Matt 1:23 with 1:25).²⁷
It is this aspect of the story which prompts Matthew’s first formula-quotation.
The passage of Scripture which undergirds this first of the five narrative cameos
in 1:18–2:23 is Isa 7:14, with its explicit mention (in Greek) of a virgin
becoming pregnant and giving birth. While Matthew presents the quotation as
his own editorial comment rather than as part of the angel’s message to Joseph,
he expects his readers to incorporate this scriptural authentication for Mary’s
unique experience into their understanding of why Joseph changed his mind. The
Isaiah quotation underlines the assurance that this is from God.
But Matthew has noticed that Isaiah’s words also include the naming of the
child, which is just what Joseph is now being called on to do. Unlike most of
Matthew’s formula-quotations, this one sticks closely to the LXX text, but it
diverges at one significant point. Whereas the Hebrew probably says “she” (the
mother) will give the child his name, and the LXX probably²⁸ says “you”
(singular, referring to Ahaz to whom the prophecy is addressed) will do so,
Matthew has a generalizing “they,” which leaves the way open for Jesus to be
given his name not by Mary but by Joseph. The name given in Isaiah is not of
course the name Jesus, but far from being embarrassed by the problem of two
different names, Matthew draws the name Immanuel also into his presentation of
the theological significance of the coming of the Messiah by adding a literal
translation of it as “God with us.”² Probably Matthew expected his readers to
reflect that the “salvation” which is the explicit meaning of the name Jesus in v.
21 was to be accomplished by the coming of God among his people, but he has
not made any such linking of the meanings of the two names explicit.
The phrase “God with us” which thus marks the beginning of Matthew’s
presentation of Jesus will have its arresting counterpart at the end of the gospel
when Jesus himself declares “I am with you always” with reference not to a
continuing life on earth but a spiritual presence (28:20). Cf. also the remarkable
words of 18:20, “Where two or three have come together in my name, I am there
among them.”³ At this point it would be possible to read Immanuel only in its
probable OT sense as a statement of God’s concern for his people, “God is with
us,” but the name as applied to one who has just been declared to owe his origin
to the direct work of the Holy Spirit was probably in Matthew’s mind a more
direct statement of the presence of God in Jesus himself, so that Jesus’
declaration in 28:20 is only drawing out what has already been true from the
time of his birth, that God is present in the person of Jesus. Matthew’s overt
interpretation of “Immanuel” thus takes him close to an explicit doctrine of
incarnation such as is expressed in John 1:14.
Thus, while these verses do not use the title “Son of God”, Matthew could hardly
have recorded both the supernatural conception of Jesus and the scriptural title
“God with us” without reflecting on the fact that the Messiah is much more than
only a “son of David,” as will later be made explicit in 22:41–45. When we are
invited to reflect on God’s calling his “son” out of Egypt in 2:15, and still more
when Jesus is explicitly declared to be God’s Son in 3:17, the ground will have
been well prepared.³¹
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