different. Damen’s language classrooms are not in the workplace, and the
ultimate goal of language and culture learning for her is ‘acculturation’,
which she defines as ‘the continuous process in which the immigrant
adapts to and acquires the host culture, so as to be directed towards
ultimate assimilation’ (1987: 141; see also 228–30). Although Damen grants
that the degree of assimilation attained is a matter for the learners to decide,
the goal of ‘culture learning’ for her is markedly different from those of the
‘intercultural learner’ as formulated by such as Kramsch (1993) or Byram
(1997b). For Damen, the observation and understanding of the kinds of
knowledge and assumptions that guide different cultural behaviours
should lead ultimately to the adoption of that knowledge and behaviour to
some degree. In the intercultural classroom, the learner is not expected or
required to assimilate but to mediate. The target behaviour does not need
to be simulated exactly, but an understanding of the behaviour of native
speakers might lead to some adaptation of the learner’s usual behaviour, in
order to ‘manage’ an intercultural encounter. For example, a Moslem
learner might be presented with an invitation to dinner by a non-Moslem
friend or colleague. He or she might wish to refuse because of concerns
about the preparation of the food. Repeated conventional refusals, no
matter how polite, can put a strain on friendship. Presumably, an ‘accultur-
ated’ learner would finally agree to the invitation, because acculturation
implies assimilation into the norms of the target community. An inter-
cultural learner, however, would recognise the conventions of friendship
and religious belief that were in conflict and try to manage a resolution – for
instance, by explaining politely that Islam demands strict conditions about
the preparation of food, and he or she therefore cannot accept invitations of
this kind. The learner might add that he or she does not wish to seem
unfriendly or give offence, and could actively seek an alternative way of
socialising.
On the other hand, even in intercultural classrooms, there may well be
students who do wish to imitate the customs and behaviours of the target
culture. Many EFL learners do have a strong ‘integrative’ motivation for
learning the second language, and they should therefore be given a chance
to ‘think their way into’ the target culture. A general distinction can
therefore be made in the aims of ethnographic activities devised for
learners: those which promote observation and understanding of the target
culture, with intercultural mediation as a goal, and those activities which
encourage learners to ‘think’ like those in the target culture, and to
reproduce their cultural behaviour. Care should be taken, when the latter
type of activities is used, to make explicit that the activities are largely
exercises in ‘decentring’ the conventional attitudes of the home culture;
they are not meant to deny or substitute the patterns of thought of the home
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Intercultural Approaches to ELT
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