62
Acoustics
response shown by this type of loss is a band pass, attenuating low and high
frequencies below 1kHz and above 5kHz depending on conditions.
Seen in a different way, absorption may be desirable. Sound insulating mate-
rials used to provide isolation between rooms require a high absorption. Given
that the total energy output of something is equal to the input energy minus the
absorption loss to heat, the remainder must be re-radiated from an absorbing
object. This sound is
transmitted
. Because absorption is likely to be frequency
selective an
occluding
object such as a wall will transmit a filtered version of
the sound, usually with less high frequencies.
SECTION 5.3
Other Propagation Effects
Reflection
Unlike the reflection of transverse waves in a solid, longitudinal acoustic waves,
for which we are concerned with pressure, keep the same (pressure) phase on
reflection. Their directional change is as for other waves, with the reflection
angle being equal but opposite to the incidence angle with respect to the bound-
ary normal. Like the modes of a vibrating solid we will hear similar effects
caused by superposition of direct and reflected waves as shown in figure 5.5,
and similar standing wave patterns will occur within a room or other acoustic
space.
Scattering
If a plane wave, travelling in a single direction, hits a fairly small obstacle, then
we may get
scattering
. This is slightly different from regular reflection when
hitting a large solid wall. The object behaves as if it absorbs and re-radiates
the sound; thus it changes the plane wave into a new spherical or cylindrical
wave locally. The result is that more energy gets directed to the sides than
in a normal reflection. There are two phenomena:
forwards scattering
, where
new sound rays are spread into a cone ahead of the object; and
back scattering
,
where the cone expands backwards towards the source. Scattering is a function
of the object size and the frequency of the sound. The frequency of scattered
sound is inversely proportional to the object size, and the intensity is propor-
tional to the fourth power of the frequency. In a relatively sparse, free space,
small objects like poles or trees tend to scatter high frequencies more; so if you
fire a gunshot (which contains many frequencies) near the woods the reflected
sound will seem higher in tone than a straight echo, while if you are inside the
woods you will hear a lower tone as those frequencies are transmitted better
through the trees.
Acoustic back scattering can occur in the air, such as when sound encounters
turbulence like small vortices in the boundary between clouds and the atmo-
sphere, or between different layers of the Earth’s atmosphere; thus “sodar”
2
has
2. Sound detection and ranging of clouds can show their external shape and internal com-
position rather like ultrasound scans of the body can, so it is a powerful weather-forecasting
tool.
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