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  Inductor with exponential and sinusoidal Voltage Input



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Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar

3.2.6 
Inductor with exponential and sinusoidal Voltage Input
Consider an inductor of 1 H with a voltage v
S
(t
=
e
-
t
V switched on to it from t 
=
0 onwards. We do 
not know what voltage was applied to inductor till 

0. But the net effect of all that voltage which 
may have been applied to the inductor is condensed in the initial condition available to us. We assume 
an initial current of zero in Fig. 3.2-4 (a) and initial current of –0.5A in Fig. 3.2-4 (b). Straightforward 
integration gives us i(t
=
I
0

(1 

e
-
 
t
) A as the current in 1H inductor. The applied voltage and current 
for the two initial condition values are shown in Fig. 3.2-4.
Applied voltage
Applied voltage
Time
(a)
(b)
Time
Current
Current
1
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
–0.2
–0.4
Fig. 3.2-4 
Inductor with exponential voltage applied to it
The inductor preserves the waveshape of the input except for a DC offset, i.e., the current in 
the inductor is an exponential of same index as that of the applied voltage. This is due to the fact 
that exponential function does not change its shape on differentiation and integration. A sinusoidal 
function too has that property. Therefore, we expect the inductor current to be a sinusoid of same 
frequency as that of input when a sinusoidal voltage is applied to it. There may be DC offset in the 
current as in Fig. 3.2-5 that shows the current in a 1H inductor with zero initial current when (a) sin t 
is applied, (b) sin (t 

p
/4) is applied and (c) sin (t 

p
/2) is applied.
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The Inductor 
3.17
2
2
(a)
t
v
i
4 6 8 10
1.5
1
–1
0.5
–0.5
2
2
(b)
t
v
i
4 6 8 10
1.5
1
–1
0.5
–0.5
2
2
(c)
v i
4 6 8 10
1.5
1
–1
0.5
–0.5
Fig. 3.2-5 
Inductor with sinusoidal voltage applied to it
The alternating component of current indeed preserves the waveshape of input. The DC offset 
is entirely due to the input since initial current was stated to be zero. Notice that when a sinusoidal 
voltage is switched on at its zero-crossing, the resulting current is unipolar and reaches a peak which 
is twice that of its AC component amplitude, i.e., it has a DC content equal to AC amplitude. This is of 
course clearly seen by simple integration of v
S
(t) as below shown in the following:
i t
I
L
t
dt
I
L
t
I
L
t
t
( )
sin(
)
cos(
)
[cos
=
+
+
=
+

+
=
+


[
]
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
w q
w
w q
w
q
ccos(
)]
w q
t
+
I
0
=
0 A, 
w
=
1 rad/s and L 
=
1 H for the waveforms shown Fig. 3.2-5. Both the waveforms and the 
above equation make it clear that DC offset in the inductor current will be zero (if initial condition is 
zero) if the sinusoidal voltage is switched on at its peak. 
Sinusoidal voltage is a special case of a general periodic alternating waveform. We expect the 
current peak-to-peak amplitude to go down with the frequency. The above equation shows that it 
does so. Moreover, when voltage across the inductor is a sine wave, its current waveform will be an 
inverted cosine wave. Corresponding positions in an inverted cosine wave will take place after T/4 s 
with respect to the sine wave. 
Inductor preserves the waveshape for exponential and sinusoidal inputs. The amplitude 
of current sinusoid in an inductor is inversely proportional to the product of frequency of 
applied voltage sinusoid and inductance value.

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