13.32
Analysis of Dynamic Circuits by Laplace Transforms
zero-state response conditions.
They are defined as
ratios of Laplace transforms of relevant quantities
under zero-state response conditions. Therefore, they
are defined under zero initial conditions. The
s
-domain
equivalent circuit with zero initial conditions is shown
in Fig. 13.10-2.
Series–parallel equivalents and voltage–current division
principle may be employed to arrive at the required ratios.
Input impedance function
Z
i
(
s
)
=
V
s
(
s
) /
I
(
s
).
Z s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
i
( ) (
) / /
(
)
= +
+ =
+
+
+ =
+ +
+
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
2
1
2
Ω
The transformed current in the second 1
W
resistor may be found out in terms of
I
(
s
). Then
V
o
(
s
)
may be obtained from that current by multiplying by 1
W
. Let this current transform be called
I
o
(
s
).
Then,
I s
I s
s
s s
I s
s
s
o
( )
( )
( )
=
+ +
=
+
1
2
1
But
I s
V s
Z s
V s
s
s
s
s
i
s
( )
( )
( )
( )
=
=
+
+ +
2
1
3
1
2
Therefore,
V s
V s
I s
V s
I s
V s
s
s
V s
V s
s
s
o
s
o
s
s
s
s
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
=
×
=
×
+
=
+
+
1
2
1
2
1
2
Ω
33
1 2
1
3
1
2
s
s
s
s
s
s
+
×
+
=
+ +
The poles of transfer function are at
s
= -
2.618 and
s
= -
0.382. The zero is at
s
=
0.
(ii)
The total response of
v
o
(
t
) with
v
S
(
t
)
=
2
u
(
t
)
V may be solved by mesh analysis or by applying
superposition principle. Both methods are illustrated
below. The
s
-domain equivalent
circuit with initial
conditions accounted and mesh current transforms
identified is shown in Fig. 13.10-3.
The mesh equations are
−
+
+ +
− − =
+
− +
+ − =
V s
I s s
I s
s
I s
s
I s
s
s
( )
( )[
]
( )[ ]
( )[ ]
( )[
]
1
2
1
2
1
1 0
1
2
1 1 0
These are expressed in matrix form as below.
s
s
s
s
I s
I s
V s
s
+
−
−
+
=
+
1
2
1
1
0
1
2
( )
( )
( )
Solving for
I
2
(
s
), we get
I s
s V s
s
s
s
sV s
s
s
s
s
2
2
2
1
1 2
1
3
1
( )
( ( )
)
(
)(
)
( )
=
+
+
+ −
=
+ +
Zero-state Respponse
Zero-input
Response
+
+ +
s
s
s
2
3
1
Since
V
o
(
s
)
=
1
×
I
2
(
s
),
V s
sV s
s
s
s
s
s
o
s
( )
( )
=
+ +
+
+ +
2
2
3
1
3
1
Zero-state Response
Zero-i
nnput Response
Fig. 13.10-2
The transformed
equivalent circuit
for circuit with zero
initial conditions
V
S
(
s
)
V
o
(
s
)
I
(
s
)
–
–
+
+
1
Ω
1
Ω
s
Ω
s
Ω
V
S
(
s
)
V
o
(
s
)
1
1
–
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
1
Ω
s
Ω
s
Ω
1
Ω
I
2
(
s
)
I
1
(
s
)
I
(
s
)
Fig. 13.10-3
Transformed
equivalent circuit of
circuit in Fig. 13.10-1
with initial condition
sources included
Total Response of Circuits Using
s
-Domain Equivalent Circuit
13.33
The roots of denominator polynomial (
i.e.,
poles of transfer function) are at
s
= -
2.618 and
s
=
-
0.382. The input transform
V
s
(
s
)
=
2/
s
.
Therefore,
sV s
s
s
s
s
A
s
B
s
s
( )
.
.
2
2
3
1
2
3
1
2 618
0 382
+ +
=
+ +
=
+
+
+
A
s
s
s
B
s
s
s
s
s
= +
×
+ +
= −
= +
×
+ +
=−
=
(
.
)
.
(
.
)
.
2 618
2
3
1
0 8945
0 382
2
3
1
2
2 618
2
−−
=
0 382
0 8945
.
.
Therefore, zero-state response
=
Inverse of
−
+
+
+
0 8945
2 618
0 8945
0 382
.
.
.
.
s
s
=
0 8945
0 382
2 618
.
(
) ( )
.
.
e
e
u t
t
t
-
-
-
V
The second component of output is expanded in partial fractions as below.
s
s
s
A
s
B
s
2
3
1
2 618
0 382
+ +
=
+
+
+
.
.
A
s
s
s
s
B
s
s
s
s
s
s
= +
×
+ +
=
= +
×
+ +
=−
=−
(
.
)
.
(
.
)
.
2 618
3
1
1 1708
0 382
3
1
2
2 618
2
00 382
0 1708
.
.
= −
Therefore,
zero-input response
=
Inverse of
1 1708
2 618
0 1708
0 382
.
.
.
.
s
s
+
−
+
=
( .
.
) ( )
.
.
1 1708
0 1708
2 618
0 382
e
e
u t
t
t
-
-
-
V
Total response in the actual time-domain circuit is the sum of zero-state response and zero-input
response accepted for only
t
≥
0
+
and is given by
v t
e
e
t
o
t
t
( ) ( .
.
)
.
.
=
+
≥
−
−
+
0 2763
0 7237
0
0 382
2 618
V for
It is not necessary to split the two components of the response this way always. It was done here only
to demonstrate how the Laplace transform technique brings out both together in one step. Inverting
the
total response transform
2
3
1
2
+
+ +
s
s
s
would have resulted in total response straightaway. Indeed
2
3
1
2
+
+ +
s
s
s
=
0 2763
2 618
0 7237
0 382
.
.
.
.
s
s
+
+
+
.
The same solution can be arrived at by using Superposition Theorem. This theorem can be applied
only for the zero-state response components due to various inputs. But then, all the initial conditions
get translated into sources in the transformed equivalent circuit and hence the circuit analysis problem
in the
s
-domain is always a zero-state response problem. Therefore, superposition principle can be
freely applied in transformed equivalent circuits. The solution term due to initial condition sources
will be understood as the zero-input response once we get back to time-domain.
There are three sources in this transformed equivalent circuit. The component circuits required to
find out the individual response components are shown in Fig. 13.10-4.
13.34
Analysis of Dynamic Circuits by Laplace Transforms
V
S
(
s
)
–
–
+
+
1
Ω
1
Ω
s
Ω
s
Ω
–
–
+
+
1
Ω
1
Ω
1
s
Ω
s
Ω
–
–
+
+
1
Ω
1
Ω
s
Ω
s
Ω
1
Fig. 13.10-4
Component circuits for applying superposition theorem in Example: 13.10-1
The transfer function of the first circuit is already known as
s
s
s
2
3
1
+ +
and
V
s
(
s
)
=
2
s
. Therefore, the
output transform in the first circuit is
2
3
1
2
s
s
+ +
.
(
s
+
1)//1
W
shares –1 with
s
W
in series in the second circuit. Therefore, the voltage transform
across (
s
+
1)
W
is
(
) / /
(
) / /
(
)
s
s
s
s
s
s
+
+ +
× − =
− +
+ +
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
. This voltage transform is divided between
s
W
and
1
W
to
yield
− +
+ +
×
+
=
−
+ +
(
)
s
s
s
s
s
s
1
3
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
2
at the output.
s
+
1//
s
W
shares 1 in series with 1
W
to produce
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
+ +
=
+
+ +
s
s
s
s
s
/ /
across the output.
The total output voltage transform is given by the sum of three output voltage transforms.
Therefore,
V s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
o
( )
=
+ +
+
−
+ +
+
+
+ +
=
+
+ +
2
3
1
1
3
1
1
3
1
2
3
1
2
2
2
2
. This is the same output transform
we obtained in the mesh analysis too.
The time-domain function will be
v t
e
e
u t
o
t
t
( ) ( .
.
) ( )
.
.
=
+
−
−
0 2763
0 7237
0 382
2 618
V
.
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