13.30
Analysis of Dynamic Circuits by Laplace Transforms
s
-domain impedance is assigned the unit of
W
(ohms) and
s
-domain admittance is assigned the unit
of
S
(Siemens).
Now we can construct the
s-domain equivalent circuit
for a circuit in time-domain by replacing
all sources by their Laplace transforms and replacing all other
circuit elements by their
s
-domain
equivalents. The resulting equivalent circuit will have Laplace transforms of voltages and Laplace
transforms of currents as the circuit variables instead of the time-domain variables. Each energy
storage element will result in an extra independent source representing its initial condition in
s
-domain
equivalent circuit.
Applying KVL and KCL in
this circuit will result in
algebraic equations involving Laplace
transforms of voltages and currents, respectively.
Thus the problem of solving a coupled set of
integro-differential equations involving functions of time in the time-domain circuit is translated to
solving a coupled set of algebraic equations involving Laplace transforms of variables in the
s
-domain
equivalent circuit. The time-functions may be determined by inverting the Laplace transforms after
they are obtained.
Transforming a
time-domain circuit into an
s
-domain circuit makes it similar to a memoryless
circuit with DC excitation since both are described by algebraic equations. Thus, all concepts and
techniques developed in the context of analysis of memoryless circuits (and used later in the analysis
of phasor equivalent circuits under sinusoidal steady-state) will be directly applicable in the analysis
of
s
-domain equivalent circuits too.
In particular, (i) the concepts of series and parallel equivalent impedances apply without modification
(ii) the concepts of input resistance (
i.e.,
driving-point resistance) and input conductance (
i.e.,
driving-
point conductance) apply without modification except that it is ‘
input impedance function Z
i
(
s
)’ and
‘
input admittance function Y
i
(
s
)’ in the case of
s
-domain circuits.
Moreover, the techniques of nodal analysis and mesh analysis can be applied in
s
-domain circuits.
All the circuit theorems, except maximum power transfer theorem, can be applied in the context of
s
-domain equivalent circuits.
However, Laplace transform of instantaneous power is not equal to product of Laplace transforms
of voltage and current.
In fact, the
s
-domain convolution of
V
(
s
) and
I
(
s
) gives the Laplace transform
of
p
(
t
)
=
v
(
t
)
i
(
t
). Therefore, dealing with power and energy variables in the
s
-domain is better avoided.
They are better dealt with in time-domain itself.
We observe that the
s
-domain equivalent circuit makes use of the stated initial values of inductor
currents and capacitor voltages right at the start. The
s
-domain equivalent circuit takes care of these
initial values in the form of additional source transforms. Therefore, the circuit solution arrived at
by
the analysis of
s
-domain equivalent circuit will contain both zero-input response components
and zero-state response components in one step. Thus, Laplace transform technique yields the total
response in a single-step solution process.
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