TheSeries
RLC
Circuit–Zero-InputResponse
12.3
d v
dt
R
L
dv
dt
LC
v
LC
v
t
v
V
dv
dt
C
C
C
S
C
o
C
2
2
1
1
0
0
+
+
=
≥
=
+
−
for
with
V and
( )
((
)
0
−
=
I
C
o
V/s
(12.1-2)
12.1.1
Source-Free response of Series
RLC
circuit
We focus on the zero-input response (
i.e., source-free response) of
RLC circuit first.
v
S
(
t)
=
0 for
t
≥
0
+
for this analysis. Initial energy storage in inductor (evidenced by a non-zero
I
o
) and/or initial energy
storage in capacitor (evidenced by a non-zero
V
o
) are responsible for non-zero response under this
condition. The differential equation describing zero-input response is
d v
dt
R
L
dv
dt
LC
v
t
v
V
dv
dt
C
C
C
C
o
C
2
2
0
1
0
0
0
+
+
=
≥
=
+
−
−
for
with
V and
( )
(
)
==
I
C
o
V/s
(12.1-3)
The complementary function of homogeneous differential equations with constant coefficients is
Ae
g
t
. Substituting this trial solution in the differential equation in Eqn. 12.1-3,
g
g
g
g
g
2
2
1
0
1
0
+
+
= ⇒
+
+
=
R
L
LC
Ae
R
L
LC
t
Let the two solutions off this algebraic equation be called
and
Then,
1
2
a
a
a
.
1
2
= −
+
R
L
R
R
L
LC
R
L
R
L
LC
v t
A e
A e
A
C
t
t
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
4
1
2
4
1
1
2
−
= −
−
−
∴
=
+
and
where
a
a
a
( )
11
2
and
are two arbitrary
constants to be fixed by
A
iinitial conditions.
The initial conditions are
v
V
C
( )
0
−
=
oo
C
o
dv
dt
I
C
and
(
)
.
0
−
=
But we need the initial conditions at
t
=
0
+
since the differential equation being solved is valid only for
t
≥
0
+
. There is no impulse current flowing into the capacitor in this circuit. And there is no impulse voltage
appearing across inductor in this circuit. Hence the initial conditions at
t
=
0
+
are the same as at
t
=
0
-
.
∴
=
=
+
+
v
V
dv
dt
I
C
C
o
C
o
( )
.
(
)
0
0
and
Applying these two initial connditions on the solution,
Solving fo
1
1
2
A
A V
A
A
I
C
o
o
+
=
+
=
2
1
2
a
a
rr
and
A
A
1
2
,
and
A
V
I
C
A
I
C
V
o
o
o
o
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
=
−
−
=
−
−
a
a
a
a
a
a
12.4
SeriesandParallel
RLC
Circuits
Substituting for
A
1
and
A
2
in
the equation for v
C
(
t) and collecting terms we get,
v t
V
e
e
I
C
e
e
t
C
o
t
t
o
t
t
( )
=
−
−
−
−
−
≥
+
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
0
V for
wherre
a
1 2
2
2
2
4
1
,
= −
±
−
R
L
R
L
LC
(12.1-4)
We observe that there are two natural response terms with exponential format in the solution. We
observe further that there are two contributions in the zero-input response for
v
C
(
t) – one from initial
energy storage in the capacitor and the second from initial energy storage in the inductor.
When we take a square root, we need to be concerned about the sign of quantity under the radical!
Therefore, we identify three situations based on the sign of quantity under the radical in the expressions
for
a
1
and
a
2
.
case-1
`
1
and
`
2
real, negative and distinct
This case is a straightforward one and occurs when
R
L
C
>
2
. The two distinct roots of characteristic
equation of the homogeneous differential equation are real and negative and are arranged on either
side of
R/2
L magnitude-wise. The equation for
v
C
(
t) is as given in Eqn. 12.1-4. The capacitor voltage
in this case is an additive mixture of two decaying exponential functions – one with a time constant
that is less than
L/2
R s and another with a time
constant that is more than L/2
R s. Not only the
capacitor voltage but also all the circuit variables will have these two exponential functions in them.
The following example illustrates this case. A 0.5 F capacitor 1 H inductor are assumed in the example.
1 H inductance is a practical value. However, 0.5 F capacitor is hard to come by in practice. Capacitors
used in practical engineering usually range from pF to mF. A 0.5 F capacitor is perfectly legitimate in
a numerical example aimed at illustrating theoretical concepts – at least it keeps the numbers simple!
example: 12.1-1
A series
RLC circuit has
R
=
3
W
,
L
=
1 H and
C
=
0.5 F. The capacitor is initially charged to 2 V and
the initial current in the inductor is 1 A at
t
=
0
-
. Find the zero-input response of capacitor voltage and
circuit current.
Solution
The differential equation governing the capacitor voltage
v
C
(
t) is
d v
dt
dv
dt
v
t
C
C
C
2
2
3
2
0
0
+
+
=
≥
+
for
The
characteristic equation is
g
g
2
3
2 0
+
+ =
and its roots
a
1,2
=
-
1 s
-
1
and –2 s
-
1
.
Therefore, the general solution for
v
C
(
t)
=
A
1
e
-
t
+
A
2
e
-
2
t
V. Applying
initial conditions at t
=
0
+
,
A
1
+
A
2
=
2 V and
-
1
×
A
1
+
-
2
×
A
2
=
1 A/0.5 F
=
2 V/s
\
A
1
=
6 and
A
2
=
-
4
\
v
C
(
t)
=
6
e
-
t
-
4
e
-
2
t
V for
t
≥
t
=
0
+
.
TheSeries
RLC
Circuit–Zero-InputResponse
12.5
And
i(
t)
=
C dv
C
/
dt
=
-
3
e
-
t
+
4
e
-
2
t
A for
t
≥
t
=
0
+
.
The capacitor voltage and circuit current contain two decaying exponential transients with time
constants of 1 s and 0.5 s. Both exponential terms decay down to zero thereby taking the circuit to
zero-energy condition in about 5 to 6 s.
The circuit contained a total initial energy storage of 1.5 J (1 J in the capacitor and 0.5 Joule in the
inductor). Both capacitor voltage and current inductor current approach zero as
t
→ ∞
. Therefore total
energy storage in the circuit goes to zero with time. Then the total energy dissipated in the resistor
from
t
=
t
=
0
+
to
∞
must be 1.5 J. This is verified as follows.
Total energy dissipation in 3 resistor
Ω
=
× −
+
−
−
3
3
4
2
e
e
t
t
(
))
(
)
2
0
2
4
3
0
2
0
4
0
3
9
16
24
27
2
12
∞
−
−
−
∞
−
∞
−
∫
∫
=
×
+
−
= −
−
dt
e
e
e
dt
e
e
t
t
t
t
t
∞
∞
−
∞
+
=
24
1 5
3
0
e
J
t
.
The time-variation of all the circuit variables under
zero-input response conditions is shown in Fig. 12.1-2.
Both the natural
response terms are decaying
exponential functions. But that, by no means, implies that
all the circuit variables will decay monotonically from
t
=
0
+
onwards. Notice that the voltage across capacitor
increases from its initial value of 2 V to 2.25 V first
before it starts decaying. This
is so because the initial
current in inductor charges up the capacitor further.
The difference between two decaying exponential
functions can exhibit a maximum or minimum. In the
present example,
v
C
(
t) reaches a maximum and
i(
t) reaches
a minimum before they settle down to zero as
t
→ ∞
.
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