12.2
the SerIeS Lc cIrcuIt – A SpecIAL cASe
We consider a special case of series RLC circuit – the one with resistance equal to zero. Hence
x
=
0,
w
n
=
1/
√
LC and
w
d
=
w
n
. Hence Eqn. 12.1-7 reduces to
v t
V
t
I
t
t
C
o
n
o
L
C
n
( )
cos
sin
=
+
≥
+
w
w
V for
0
(12.2-1)
Further,
i t
C
dv t
dt
I
t V
t
t
v t
v t
C
o
n
o
C
L
n
L
C
( )
( )
cos
sin
( )
( )
=
=
−
≥
= −
+
w
w
A for
0
== −
−
≥
+
V
t I
t
t
o
n
o
L
C
n
cos
sin
w
w
V for
0
(12.2-2)
Eqns 12.2-1 and 12.2-2 show that the voltage variables and current variable in a pure LC circuit
are sinusoidal in nature. The amplitudes of sinusoids are decided by the initial voltage across the
capacitor and initial current through the inductor and the circuit parameters. But the initial voltage
across capacitor and initial current through the inductor in turn decide the total energy storage in the
LC circuit at t
=
0
-
. Since there are no impulse voltages and currents in the LC circuit under source-
free condition, the initial condition values at t
=
0
-
and t
=
0
+
are the same. Therefore, the energy
storage in the elements also will be the same at t
=
0
-
and t
=
0
+
.
Thus, the source-free response (equivalently the zero-input response) of a pure LC
circuitwillcontainundyingsinusoidswithsteadyamplitudes.Theamplitudeofsinusoidal
waveforms is decided by the total initial energy storage in the circuit and the circuit
parameters.Circuitparameters,
i.e.,
L
and
C
decidetheangularfrequencyofoscillations
too–itis
1
LC
rad/s.
We may recast the expressions that involve sum of two sinusoidal functions in Eqns 12.2-1 and
12.2-2 as single sinusoidal functions by employing trigonometric identities in the following manner.
12.10
SeriesandParallel
RLC
Circuits
v t
V
LI
C
t
t
i t
I
CV
L
C
o
o
n
o
o
n
( )
cos(
)
( )
sin(
=
+
−
≥
= −
+
+
2
2
2
2
0
w
f
w
V for
tt
t
I
V
o
L
C
o
−
≥
=
+
−
f
f
)
tan
A for
where
0
1
(12.2-3)
These waveforms are shown in Fig. 12.2-1 for L
=
1 H, C
=
1 F, V
o
=
2 V and I
o
=
1 A.
2.5
Volts
Amps
2
1.5
1
0.5
–0.5
2
4
6
8
10
–1
–1.5
–2
–2.5
Time (s)
v
C
(
t
)
v
C
(
t
)
i
(
t
)
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
v
L
(
t
)
i
(
t
)
–
–
+
+
L
C
Fig. 12.2-1
Zero-inputresponseofaLCcircuit(
L
=
1H,
C
=
1F,
V
o
=
2Vand
I
o
=
1A)
The initial voltage of 2 V across the capacitor appears across the inductor at t
=
0
+
with a polarity
such that the inductor current starts decreasing at the rate of 2 V/1H
=
2 A/s from its initial value of
1 A. However, the circuit current which flows from left to right charges the capacitor. The capacitor
voltage increases while the inductor current decreases. Under the action of increasing reverse voltage,
the inductor current decreases more rapidly to reach zero at the instant t
1
. At that instant, the current
and hence the energy storage in inductor are zero. The inductor had an initial energy of 0.5 J and the
capacitor had an initial energy of 2 J. There was no dissipation in the circuit. Therefore, when the
circuit current reaches zero, the capacitor must hold the total initial energy of 2.5 J in it. It will require
√
5 V across it (since C
=
1 F and energy
=
0.5 CV
2
). Equation 12.2-3 predicts exactly this value as
the amplitude of v
C
(t). When circuit current goes through zero, capacitor voltage must go through a
positive or negative peak due to two reasons – firstly, the current through a capacitor is proportional to
rate of change of voltage across it and secondly that is the instant at which it will contain the maximum
possible energy equal to the total initial energy. Therefore v
C
(t) reaches a positive peak at t
1
.
With such a large reverse voltage across it, the inductor has to continue its current build up in the
negative direction. But, with the current changing its direction, the capacitor enters discharge mode and
its voltage decreases. Hence, during (t
1
, t
2
) the circuit current builds up in the negative direction with
progressively decreasing rate and voltage across capacitor decreases to zero at t
2
. When capacitor voltage
reaches zero, its energy storage also reaches zero. Therefore, the inductor must be containing all the
TheSeriesLCCircuit–ASpecialCase
12.11
circuit energy in it at that instant. Hence the circuit current has to be
-√
5 A at that instant (since L
=
1 H
and energy
=
0.5LI
2
). Equation 12.2-3 predicts exactly this value as the amplitude of i(t). When voltage
across capacitor (and hence voltage across inductor) goes through zero, circuit current must go through
a positive or negative peak due to two reasons – firstly, the voltage across an inductor is proportional to
rate of change of current through it and secondly that is the instant at which it will contain the maximum
possible energy equal to the total initial energy. Therefore i(t) reaches a negative peak at t
2
.
Now the large discharge current flowing out of the capacitor will result in build-up of capacitor
voltage in the negative direction during the interval (t
2
, t
3
). The consequent change in polarity of
inductor voltage will result in the circuit current turning back from its negative peak. The circuit
current decreases in magnitude and capacitor voltage increases in magnitude. At t
3
the circuit current
reaches zero and capacitor voltage reaches negative peak of
-√
5 V.
The total initial stored energy gets shunted out from inductor to capacitor and back in this manner
periodically. This initial energy can not be dissipated since there is no resistance in the circuit.
The circuit tries to get rid of its initial energy but fails to do so. This results in voltage and current
oscillations.
In this case, the sum of energy storage in capacitor and inductor must be equal to the total initial
energy storage in the circuit. Calculating the sum as
Li t
Cv t
C
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
+
by substituting the expressions
for v
C
(t) and i(t) from Eqn. 12.2-3 will indeed show that the sum is equal to
LI
CV
o
o
2
2
2
2
+
, which is the
total initial energy.
The frequency of voltage and current oscillations in a pure LC circuit is 1
LC rad/s or 1 2
p
LC
Hz and period of oscillations is 2
p
LC sec. The reader may convince himself of the dimensional
consistency of these expressions. We had defined
w
n
to be equal to 1
LC earlier. Thus,
w
n
of a
RLC circuit is the angular frequency of pure sinusoidal oscillations that will take place in source-free
conditions if the dissipation in the circuit is reduced to zero – in the case of a series RLC circuit this
amount to reducing the resistance to zero. Energy loss
mechanisms cause damping of oscillations in systems.
Thus, resistance is a damping element in an electrical
circuit.
w
n
is the angular frequency of oscillations in
an oscillating electrical circuit when damping is zero
in the circuit – hence it is called the undamped natural
frequency of oscillations.
Since the energy storage in capacitor is proportional
to the square of its voltage, the frequency of oscillation
of stored energy will be double that of voltage
waveform. Moreover, the stored energy function
will always be positive valued and hence will have a
positive average value. It will oscillate about a positive
average value with a frequency of 1
p
LC Hz. These
aspects are shown clearly in Fig. 12.2-2 that shows
the time-variation of stored energy in the capacitor
and inductor along with the time-variation of total
stored energy in the circuit for the circuit referred in
Fig. 12.2-1.
Fig. 12.2-2
Time-variationofstored
energyunderzero-input
responseconditioninan
LCcircuit
0.5
2
Energy storage
in inductor
Average
energy storage
in
L
and
C
t
(
s
)
(
j
)
Stored
energy
Energy storage in
C
Total circuit
energy storage
4
6
1
1.5
2
2.5
12.12
SeriesandParallel
RLC
Circuits
Energy storage in both elements varies between 0 to 2.5 J sinusoidally. The average energy storage
in both elements is 1.25 J. The total stored energy in the circuit is a constant as expected.
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