9.32
Dynamic Circuits with Periodic Inputs – Analysis by Fourier Series
Solution
The Fourier series coefficients of a symmetric square wave has been worked out in Example 9.6-5.
They are
4
p
n
in the trigonometric Fourier series. The waveform of
i
S
(
t) here contains a DC component
of 10 A. Hence
i
S
(
t) – 10 will be a symmetric square wave that has
even symmetry. The square wave
in Example 9.6-5 had odd symmetry and had sine terms in its Fourier series. Here it will be cosine
terms.
∴
=
+
×
=
∞
∑
i t
n
n t
s
n
n
( )
cos
10
40
1
40 10
3
1
p
p
A
odd
Inductor behaves as an open-circuit and capacitor behaves as a short-circuit under DC steady-state
conditions.
\
DC component in
v
o
(
t)(
t)
=
200 V, in
i
L
(
t)
=
10 A and in
i
C
(
t)
=
0 A.
The 200V battery is replaced by a short-circuit when the circuit solution for the AC components
of
i
S
(
t) is attempted. This results in a parallel LC circuit with current excitation. Current division
principle in parallel impedances gives the frequency response of inductor current as
I
j
I
j
j C
j L
j C
LC
n
n
L
S
(
)
(
)
.
.
w
w
w
w
w
w
=
+
=
−
=
−
≈ −
×
−
1
1
1
1
1
1 789 6
1 267 10
2
2
3
2
Thus the amplitude of inductor current at 20 kHz will be 1.267
×
10
-
3
×
40/
p
=
0.016 A. This is 0.16%
of the DC current in it. We do not have to calculate the contribution due to other current harmonics.
They will be very negligible due to the
n
2
factor in the denominator of current division ratio and the
1/
n factor in the Fourier series of
i
S
(
t). Therefore, the inductor current is practically DC. Similarly, it
can be shown that
v
o
(
t) is practically DC.
However, in practice, the 100
m
F aluminium electrolytic capacitor used will have a series resistance
along with its capacitance. It is called effective series resistance (ESR). It comes up due to the lead
resistance and foil resistance. In this case, a 100
m
F capacitor is likely to have an ESR of 0.3
W
to
0.8
W
depending on the grade and quality of the capacitor chosen. Note that the impedance of 100
m
F capacitor at 20 kHz is
-
j0.08
W
and that of 0.5 mH inductor is
j62.8
W
. Obviously, the ESR of
capacitor rules the situation. Current division will take place between the impedance of inductor and
ESR of capacitor and the filter performance is not going to be as good as we calculated.
Increasing the capacitance value decreases the ESR. Thus the size of capacitor chosen in this kind
of applications is based on ESR considerations rather than the kind of calculations we carried out
without taking the ESR into account.
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