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Z takes the place of resistance R  and admittance  Y



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Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar

Z
takes the place of resistance R 
and admittance 
Y
 
takes the place of conductance G. All circuit theorems, except maximum power 
transfer theorem, apply to phasor equivalent circuits without modification.
• Maximum average power is transferred to a load circuit from a power delivery circuit under 
sinusoidal steady-state when the driving-point impedance 
Z
L
=
R
L

jX
L
of the load is the conjugate 
of Thevenin’s impedance 
Z
S
=
R
S

jX
S
of the power delivery circuit. 
• A diagram depicting a group of coherent (i.e., of same angular frequency) complex exponential 
signals, frozen at their initial position, is called a phasor diagram. Angles measured in counter-
clockwise direction in a phasor diagram are lead angles and angles measured in clockwise direction 
in a phasor diagram are lag angles.
• Apparent power carried by a sinusoidal voltage of rms value V
rms 
and a sinusoidal current of rms 
value I
rms 
is defined as the actual power that will be carried by a DC voltage of same effective value 
and a DC current of same effective value – i.e., Apparent Power 
=
V
rms
I
rms
.
• Active Power, P 
=
V
rms
I
rms
cos
q
, where 
q
is the angle by which the voltage phasor leads the current 
phasor and Power Factor 
=
cos
q
under sinusoidal steady-state.
• The current phasor can be resolved into active component (
=
I
rms 
cos
q
A rms) and reactive component 
(
=
-
I
rms
sin
q
A rms) by finding its projection along voltage phasor and along a perpendicular to 
voltage phasor respectively. The active current component carries the entire active power.
• Reactive Power Q under sinusoidal steady-state condition is a quantity that stands for the reactive 
component of current. It is a scaled version of reactive component of current, the scaling factor 
being negative of rms value of voltage.
• Complex power 

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