I
n
in it.
I
n
= + ∠ + ∠
+
=
+
+
+
+
+
(
)
[(
cos
cos )
(sin
sin )]
1 1
1
3
1
a
b
a
b
a
b
V
R
r
j
V
R
P
P
A rms
33
r
A rms.
Why do not we make the magnitude of this current zero so that the cable power loss will become
zero in the corresponding cable even if we reduce the size of that cable? We try to find a (
a
,
b
) pair
such that magnitude of
I
n
is zero.
a
and
b
should be such that (sin
a
+
sin
b
)
=
0 and (cos
a
+
cos
b
)
=
-
1
simultaneously. First equation implies that
b
=
-
a
and with this constraint the second equation results
in
a
=
±
120
°
. Therefore, (
a
,
b
)
=
(
-
120
°
, 120
°
) or (120
°
,
-
120
°
) are the two choices for (
a
,
b
) pair
such that the current
I
n
=
0.
If we make one of these two choices, the total power delivered to the resistors remains the same;
however, the total cable loss becomes
≈
9r (V
P
/R)
2
W, i.e., only 50% of the cable loss in the case of
single-phase supply.
8.4
SinusoidalSteady-StateinThree-PhaseCircuits
If a cable (or any resistance for that matter) carries only zero current in a circuit, then, that cable can
be removed without affecting the behaviour of any circuit variable in the circuit. This implies that we
can remove the cable connecting the common point N of the sources to the common point in the load
without affecting the load currents or load power. This is possible since the instantaneous currents in
the three lines add up to zero at all t leaving only zero current in the common point link. Let us verify
this with
a
=
-
120
°
b
=
120
°
.
i t
V
R
r
t
i t
V
R
r
t
i t
V
R
P
Y
P
B
P
A,
A,
( )
cos
( )
cos(
)
( )
=
+
=
+
−
°
=
2
3
2
3
120
2
w
w
R
R
r
t
i t
i t
i t
V
R
r
t
t
+
+
°
∴
+
+
=
+
+
−
3
120
2
3
cos(
)
( )
( )
( )
[cos
cos(
w
w
w
A
R
Y
B
P
1120
120
2
3
0 5
0 866
° +
+
°
=
+
+ −
+
+
) cos(
)]
[cos
{ . cos
.
sin
}
w
w
w
w
t
V
R
r
t
t
t
P
{{ . cos
.
sin
}]
−
−
=
0 5
0 866
0
w
w
t
t
t
for all
Hence, no wire is needed between the common point of sources and common point of load.
Therefore, we need only three wires of 3r
W
each in circuit of Fig. 8.1-2(b) instead of two wires of r
W
each as in circuit in Fig. 8.1-1(a). Cross-sectional area of wires in circuit of Fig. 8.1-1(a) will be three
times that of the wires in circuit of Fig. 8.1-2(b). Therefore, the amount of copper (volume or weight)
we use in wiring up circuit in Fig. 8.1-2(b) is only 50% of the copper that we use in wiring up circuit
in Fig. 8.1-1(a).
A set of three sinusoidal quantities, all at the
same frequency,
with equal peak (and
hence rms) values and shifted successively by 120
°
in phase is defined as a
Balanced
Three-Phase Quantity
.Therefore,if
x
1
(
t
),
x
2
(
t
)and
x
3
(
t
)isathree-phaseset,then,
x
1
(
t
)
=
X
m
cos
w
t
,
x
2
(
t
)
=
X
m
cos(
w
t
-
120
°
)and
x
3
(
t
)
=
X
m
cos(
w
t
+
120
°
)or
x
1
(
t
)
=
X
m
cos
w
t
,
x
2
(
t
)
=
X
m
cos(
w
t
+
120
°
)and
x
3
(
t
)
=
X
m
cos(
w
t
-
120
°
)
and
x
1
(
t
)
+
x
2
(
t
)
+
x
3
(
t
)
=
0forall
t
.
Eachlimborbranchofathree-phasesystem(sourceorload)istermedasa
phase
.R,Y
andBareusedtodesignatethelineterminalsofathree-phasesourceorload.
Ifthe peakvalues areunequal and/or successive phase shifts aredifferentfrom120
°
,
thesetwillbecalledan
Unbalanced Three-Phase Quantity
.
Abalancedthree-phasesystemrequiresonly50%ofthecopperandincursonly50%of
thepowerlosstotransmitagivenamountofpowertoloadcomparedtoasingle-phase
system.
The sub elements of an industrial heater designed for three-phase operation are sometimes arranged
in such a way that adjacent sub-elements belong to different phases. That is, if three sub-elements are
adjacent, the first one will be a part of R that gets connected to R-line, the second one will be part of
R that gets connected to Y-line and the third one will be part of R that gets connected to B-line. Then,
the cycle repeats. This is, obviously, done on purpose. We discuss the sum of instantaneous power
delivered by the three phases of a three-phase system under balanced operation to appreciate the
purpose involved.
Three-PhaseSystemVersusSingle-PhaseSystem
8.5
Let us assume that the impedance per branch (i.e., phase) is
Z
=
Z
∠
q
and that Y-phase voltage lags
R-phase by 120
°
and B-phase voltage lags Y-phase voltage by 120
°
. Then, the instantaneous currents
in three lines can be expressed as
i t
I
t
i t
I
t
i t
I
R
m
Y
m
B
m
and
( )
cos(
), ( )
cos(
),
( )
cos(
=
−
=
−
° −
=
w q
w
q
120
w
w
q
t
+
° −
120
)
where I
m
=
V
m
/Z.
Also,
v
t
V
t v
t
V
t
V
t
V
RN
m
YN
m
BN
m
and
( )
cos( ),
( )
cos(
),
( )
cos(
=
=
−
°
=
w
w
w
120
tt
+
°
120 ).
where V
m
=
2V
P
. Now, the instantaneous powers delivered by the sources in each phase are expressed
as
p t
V I
t
t
V I
t
V I
R
m m
m m
m
( )
cos( ) cos(
)
.
[cos
cos cos
]
.
=
−
=
+
+
w
w q
q
q
w
0 5
2
0 5
m
m
Y
m m
W
[sin sin
]
.
( )
cos(
) cos(
)
.
q
w
w
w
q
2
120
120
0 5
t
p t
V I
t
t
V
=
−
°
−
° −
=
m
m m
m m
W
I
t
V I
t
p
cos
cos cos(
)]
.
[sin sin(
)]
.
q
q
w
q
w
+
−
° +
−
°
2
240
0 5
2
240
B
B
m m
m m
( )
cos(
) cos(
)
.
[cos
cos cos(
t
V I
t
t
V I
=
+
°
+
° −
=
+
w
w
q
q
q
120
120
0 5
22
240
0 5
2
240
w
q
w
t
V I
t
+
° +
+
°
)]
.
[sin sin(
)]
.
m m
W
The sum of instantaneous powers can now be expressed as
p t
p t
p t
V I
V I
t
t
R
Y
B
m m
m m
( )
( )
( )
.
cos
.
cos {cos
cos(
+
+
=
+
+
−
1 5
0 5
2
2
2
q
q
w
w
440
2
240
0 5
2
2
240
° +
+
°
+
+
−
° +
) cos(
)}
.
sin {sin
sin(
) sin(
w
q
w
w
t
V I
t
t
m m
22
240
w
t
+
°
)}]
.
W
A phase angle of
-
240
°
is same as
+
120
°
and a phase angle of
+
240
°
phase is same as –120
°
.
Therefore, the three terms in the sums enclosed by curly brackets in the preceding equation form
balanced three-phase sets. Sum of a three-phase balanced set is zero for all time instants. Therefore,
p t
p t
p t
V I
V
Z
R
Y
B
m m
P
W.
( )
( )
( )
.
cos
cos
+
+
=
=
1 5
3
q
q
If the power dissipated in the three branches of a balanced three-phase load acts on
the
same physical system
,then,abalancedthree-phasesourcedeliversactivepowerto
theloadwithzeropowerpulsation.Thedouble-frequencypowerpulsationinthecaseof
asingle-phaseACsupplycanneverbereducedtozero.
Some instances in which the total active power from three branches of a three-phase load acts on
the same physical system are industrial heaters and three-phase motors. In a three-phase heater, power
dissipated in three branches will heat up the same body. In a three-phase motor, the torque developed
by the branch windings act on the same mechanical shaft. This leads to steady heating and steady
temperature in a heater and speed without fluctuations in the case of a motor.
The next point of superiority of three-phase system over single-phase system has to be accepted
as a statement of fact. It concerns matters beyond the scope of a book on circuits. It is the fact that
Electrical Machines and Power Systems Components are more efficiently designed in three-phase
8.6
SinusoidalSteady-StateinThree-PhaseCircuits
version rather than in single-phase version in all senses of the word ‘efficiency’ – efficiency in material
utilisation, efficiency in power utilisation etc. Hence, we conclude:
Abalancedthree-phasesystemcomprisingbalancedthree-phasesourcesandbalanced
three-phaseloadsissuperiortoasingle-phasesystemthankstothefollowingfacts:
(i) Powerlossintransmissionsystemislowerinthree-phasesystem.
(ii) Copperutilisationissuperiorinthree-phasesystem.
(iii) Powerdeliveredtoabalancedthree-phaseloadbyabalancedthree-phasesupplyis
freeofpulsation.
(iv) Electricalequipmentdesignedforthree-phaseoperationismoreefficientthantheir
single-phasecounterparts.
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