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Electric Circuit Analysis by K. S. Suresh Kumar

7.11 
summary
• Sinusoidal steady-state in a dynamic circuit is that state when all the response variables contain 
just one component with a sinusoidal waveshape with the frequency same as that of the sinusoidal 


7.54
The Sinusoidal Steady-State Response
forcing function applied. The response will, in general, have a phase difference with respect to 
input. This state will be established only after a transient period that follows the application of 
sources. Sinusoidal steady-state response in linear circuits obeys superposition principle.
• The real part of steady-state response to a complex exponential function
j
w
 t
=
steady-state 
response to cos
w
 t and imaginary part of steady-state response to 
j
w
 t
=
steady-state response to 
sin
w
 t.
• All element voltage variables and all element current variables in a linear dynamic circuit driven 
by a complex exponential function X
m

j
w
 t
will assume the form (Y
m

j
f

j
w
 t
under steady-state 
condition, where (Y
m

j
f
) represents the relevant complex amplitude for the variables. Y
m
will be 
proportional to X
m
.
• The amplitude of current in an inductor is 1/
w
L times the amplitude of voltage and the current lags 
the voltage by 90
°
under sinusoidal steady-state condition.
• The amplitude of current in a capacitor is 
w
C times the amplitude of voltage and the current leads 
the voltage by 90
°
under sinusoidal steady-state condition.
• Phasor is a complex number that gives the amplitude of complex exponential function and the 
phase of the complex exponential function with the time-variation of the function understood as 

j
w
 t
. It can be used as a representation for a sinusoidal function.
• The ratio of voltage phasor to current phasor of an element is called its phasor impedance. It is 
R 

for a resistor, j
w
L 

for an inductor and 1/ j
w
C for a capacitor. Phasor equivalent circuit is 
constructed for sinusoidal steady-state analysis by replacing all sources by their phasor values and 
all elements by their phasor impedances.
• The nodal analysis and mesh analysis techniques developed for memoryless circuits apply to 
phasor equivalent circuits with no change except that impedance 

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