Total Response of Circuits Using
s
-Domain Equivalent Circuit
13.35
The new circuit can be analysed by mesh analysis or nodal analysis techniques. We opt for nodal
analysis since the desired output is a node voltage variable straightaway. It will be convenient to use a
current source in parallel with capacitor and a current source in parallel with inductor to account for
initial conditions since we have opted for nodal analysis. The transformed equivalent circuit required
is shown in Fig. 13.10-7.
V
1
(
s
)
V
2
(
s
)
V
3
(
s
)
–
–
+
+
s
20
3
10
s
10
3
s
1
1
2
3
R
s
1
Ω
1
Ω
1
Ω
1
Ω
Fig. 13.10-7
Transformed equivalent circuit in Example: 13.10-2
The first source in series with 1
W
may be replaced by a current source in parallel with 1
W
. The
node equations
in matrix form will be
2
1
0
1
3
1
0
1 1
1
1
2
3
+
−
−
−
−
+
=
s
s
V s
V s
V s
( )
( )
( )
110 20
3
0
10
3
s
s
+
−
The determinant of Nodal Admittance Matrix is
D
(
s
)
=
(
)
( )
(
)
2
3 1
1
1
1
1 1
1
2
2
3
+
+
−
− −
−
+
= +
+
s
s
s
s
s
s
−
+
=
+ +
s
s
s
s
s
1
2
6
5
2
Solving for
V
3
(
s
)
V s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
3
2
2
10
2
3 2
6
5
1 667
2
3
2 5
1 667
1
( )
(
)
(
)
.
(
)
.
.
(
.
=
−
+
+ +
=
−
+
+ +
=
−
+
55 0 5
1 5
0 5
1 667
1 5
1 5
0 5
1 667
2
2
2
2
+
+
+
=
−
+
+
+
+
−
. )
(
. )
( . )
.
(
. )
(
. )
( . )
.
s
s
s
(( . )
(
. )
( . )
0 5
1 5
0 5
2
2
s
+
+
Therefore,
v t
e
t
t
t
e
t
t
3
1 5
1 5
1 667
0 5
0 5
0
2 36
( )
.
(cos .
sin . )
.
.
.
= −
+
≥
= −
−
+
−
V for
((cos .
)
0 5
45
0
0
t
t
−
≥
+
V for
The voltage across the inductor is the same as
v
3
(
t
). Note that the final value of inductor voltage is
zero. This is expected since under DC steady-state condition the inductor behaves like a short-circuit.
example: 13.10-3
Verify the initial value theorem and final value theorem
on
Laplace transforms for
i
(
t
) and
v
o
(
t
) in the initially
relaxed circuit shown in Fig. 13.10-8 when driven by
v
S
(
t
)
=
u
(
t
).
Fig. 13.10-8
Circuit for
Example: 13.10-3
v
S
(
t
)
v
o
(
t
)
i
(
t
) 0.1 F
0.2 H
–
–
+
+
10
Ω
10
Ω
13.36
Analysis of Dynamic Circuits by Laplace Transforms
Solution
The
s
-domain equivalent circuit required for analysis is shown in Fig. 13.10-9.
0.2s
Ω
10
Ω
10
Ω
V
S
(
s
)
V
o
(
s
)
I
1
(
s
)
I
2
(
s
)
I
(
s
)
+
–
+
–
Ω
10
s
Fig. 13.10-9
The
s
-domain equivalent circuit of the circuit in Fig. 13.10-8
Two mesh current transforms are identified in the
s
-domain equivalent circuit. The mesh equations
in matrix form is written by inspection by using the rule that diagonal entry is the sum of all impedances
in the corresponding mesh and off-diagonal entries are negative of the sum of impedances shared by
the two meshes in question.
0 2
10
10
10
20
10
0
1
2
.
( )
( )
( )
s
s
I s
I s
V s
s
+
−
−
+
=
Solving for
I
1
(
s
) and
I
2
(
s
) by Kramer’s rule, we get
I s
s
V s
s
s
s
V
s
1
20
10
0 2
10 20
10
100
5
2 5
( )
( )
( .
)
(
. )
=
+
+
+
−
=
+
ss
s
s
s
s
I s
V s
s
s
( )
.
( )
( )
( .
)
.
2
2
25 5
25
10
0 2
10 20
10
100
2 5
+
+
=
+
+
−
=
ssV s
s
s
s
( )
.
2
25 5
25
+
+
Now,
I s
I s
I s
s
V s
s
s
sV s
s
s
s
( )
( )
( )
(
. ) ( )
.
.
( )
.
=
−
=
+
+
+
−
+
1
2
2
2
5
2 5
25 5
25
2 5
25 5
ss
s
V s
s
s
V s
s
I s
V s
s
s
o
s
+
=
+
+
+
=
×
=
+
25
2 5
1
25 5
25
10
25
25
2
2
2
. (
) ( )
.
( )
( )
( )
..5
25
s
+
The
input is an
u
(
t
) function and its transform is 1/
s
. Therefore,
I s
s
s s
s
V s
s s
s
o
( )
. (
)
(
.
)
( )
(
.
)
=
+
+
+
=
+
+
2 5
1
25 5
25
25
25 5
25
2
2
Initial value of
i
(
t
) at
t
=
0
+
=
lim ( )
. (
)
(
.
)
s
sI s
s
s
s s
s
→∞
= ×
+
+
+
=
2 5
1
25 5
25
0
2
The poles of
sI
(
s
)
are in the left-half of
s
-plane and hence the final value theorem on Laplace
transforms
is applicable to
I
(
s
).
Total Response of Circuits Using
s
-Domain Equivalent Circuit
13.37
\
Final value of
i
(
t
)
=
lim ( )
. (
)
(
.
)
.
.
s
sI s
s
s
s s
s
→
= ×
+
+
+
=
=
0
2
2 5
1
25 5
25
2 5
25
0 1A
Initial value of
v
o
(
t
) at
t
=
0
+
=
lim
( )
(
.
)
s
o
sV s
s
s s
s
→∞
= ×
+
+
=
25
25 5
25
0
2
The poles of
sV
o
(
s
) are in the left-half of
s
-plane and hence the final value theorem on Laplace
transforms is applicable to
V
o
(
s
).
\
Final value of
v
o
(
t
)
=
lim
( )
(
.
)
s
o
sV s
s
s s
s
→
= ×
+
+
=
=
0
2
25
25 5
25
25
25
1V
The initial current at
t
=
0
-
through the inductor was zero and initial voltage across the capacitor at
that instant was zero. There was no impulse content in voltage at input. Therefore, the inductor current
at
t
=
0
+
remains at zero. There was no impulse current in the circuit. Therefore, the voltage across the
capacitor remains at zero at
t
=
0
+
. The time-domain equivalent circuit at
t
=
0
+
is shown in Fig. 13.10-
10 (a). The initial value of current
i
(
t
) at 0
+
is clearly zero
and the initial value of
v
o
(
t
) is also zero.
v
o
(0
+
)
i
(0
+
)
(a)
1 V
–
–
+
+
10
Ω
10
Ω
v
o
(
∞
)
i
(
∞
)
(b)
1 V
–
–
+
+
10
Ω
10
Ω
Fig. 13.10-10
Equivalent circuits at (a)
t
=
0
+
and (b)
t
→
∞
The inductor is replaced by a short-circuit and the capacitor by an open-circuit under DC steady-
state conditions. The resulting circuit is shown in Fig. 13.10-10 (b). Hence, the final value of
i
(
t
) 1/10
=
0.1 A and the final value of
v
o
(
t
)
is equal to input voltage
i.e.,
1 V.
Hence the initial value theorem and the final value theorem on Laplace transforms are verified for
v
o
(
t
) and
i
(
t
).
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