Solution of Differential Equations by Using Laplace Transforms
13.25
sV s
v
dv t
dt
e dt
dv t
dt
e dt
dv t
dt
st
st
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
−
=
=
+
−
∞
−
−
−
−
+
+
∫
∫
0
0
0
0
0
∞
∞
−
∞
−
+
−
∫
∫
∫
=
+
=
−
+
−
+
+
e dt
dv t
dt
e dt
dv t
dt
e dt
v
v
d
st
st
( )
( )
( )
( )
0
0
0
0
0
0
vv t
dt
e dt
st
( )
0
+
∞
−
∫
Therefore,
sV s
v
dv t
dt
e dt
st
( )
( )
( )
=
+
+
∞
−
+
∫
0
0
. Now we apply the limit
s
→
∞
with its real part always
positive. Then the integral vanishes. Therefore,
lim
( )
( )
s
sV s
v
→∞
+
=
0
.
13.7.9
final value theorem
If
v
(
t
)
=
f
(
t
)
u
(
t
) has a Laplace transform
V
(
s
) and
lim
( )
s
sV s
→
0
exists and all the poles of
sV s
( )
have negative real part, then,
lim
( )
s
sV s
→
0
=
v
( ).
∞
We know that the Laplace transform of
dv t
dt
( )
is
sV s
v
( )
( )
-
-
0
. Therefore,
sV s
v
dv t
dt
e dt
sV s
v
dv t
dt
st
s
( )
( )
( )
lim
( )
( )
( )
−
=
−
=
−
∞
−
→
−
∞
−
−
∫
∫
0
0
0
0
0
ee dt
v t
v
v
sV s
v
s
0
0
0
0
=
= ∞ −
∴
= ∞
−
∞
−
→
( )
( )
( )
lim
( )
( )
One has to be very careful in applying this theorem. This theorem works only if all the poles of
sV
(
s
) are in the open left-half plane in
s
-domain. That is, all the poles of
sV
(
s
) must have negative real
part. Only then will the function
v
(
t
) reach a unique and steady final value with time. Otherwise, the
value returned by the application of this theorem will not be the final value of
v
(
t
). For that matter
v
(
t
)
may not have a final value at all. Let
v
(
t
) be sin
w
t
. Then
V
(
s
)
=
w
/(
s
2
+
w
2
) and
sV
(
s
)
=
s
w
/(
s
2
+
w
2
).
Application of final value theorem says that
v
(
∞
)
=
0. But there is no unique final value for a sinusoidal
waveform. This conflict comes about because of wrong application of the theorem. The
sV
(
s
) function
in this case has poles on
j
w
-axis and hence the final value theorem is not applicable.
13.8
solutIon of dIfferentIal equatIons by usIng laplace transforms
One of the important applications of Laplace transform is in solving
linear constant-coefficient
ordinary differential equations with initial conditions. The procedure is illustrated below through an
example.
13.26
Analysis of Dynamic Circuits by Laplace Transforms
example: 13.8-1
Find
y
(
t
) for
t
>0
+
for
x
(
t
)
=
d
(
t
) in the given differential equation with
y
(0
-
)
=
1,
y
′
(0
-
)
=
-
1 and
y
″
(0
-
)
=
0.
d y
dt
d y
dt
dy
dt
y
x
3
3
2
2
2 5
2 5
1 5
+
+
+
=
.
.
.
Solution
Since the differential equation is an equation, both sides of it can be multiplied by
e
-
st
. Since the
differential equation is satisfied at all instants of time in a given interval, both sides of it can be
integrated with respect to time from 0
-
to
∞
. In short, the Laplace transform operation can be carried
out on both sides. Laplace transformation is a linear operation and hence Laplace transform of a sum
of terms is equal to sum of Laplace transforms of individual terms. Therefore,
LT of
LT of
LT of
LT of
LT of
d y
dt
d y
dt
dy
dt
y
x
3
3
2
2
2 5
2 5
1 5
+
×
+
×
+
×
=
.
.
.
Now we apply the ‘Differentiation in Time Theorem on Laplace transforms’ to get
[
.
.
. ] ( )
( )
( )
( )[
. ]
( )[
s
s
s
Y s
X s
y
y
s
y
s
3
2
2
2 5
2 5
1 5
0
0
2 5
0
+
+
+
=
+
+
+
+
−
−
−
″
′
++
+
2 5
2 5
.
. ]
s
∴
=
+
+
+
−
Y s
s
s
s
X s
( )
(
.
.
. )
( )
1
2 5
2 5
1 5
3
2
Zero State Response Termss
+
+ +
+
+
+
−
−
−
y
s
y
s
s
y
s
″
′
( ) (
. ) ( ) (
.
. ) ( )
(
0
2 5
0
2 5
2 5
0
2
3
++
+
+
−
2 5
2 5
1 5
2
.
.
. )
s
s
Zero Input Response Terms
The transform terms that depend only on the input function result in zero-state response. The
transform terms that depend only on the initial conditions on output and its derivatives
result in zero-
input response.
Since
x
(
t
)
=
d
(
t
),
X
(
s
)
=
1 in this example. Substituting the values for initial conditions and Laplace
transform of
x
(
t
), we get
Y s
s
s
s
( )
(
.
.
. )
=
+
+
+
−
1
2 5
2 5
1 5
3
2
Zero State Response Terms
+
+
+
+
+
−
(
. )
(
.
.
. )
s
s
s
s
s
2
3
2
1 5
2 5
2 5
1 5
Zero Input Responnse Terms
We need to factorise the denominator polynomial in order to arrive at the partial fraction expansion.
It is a third-order polynomial with real coefficients. Complex roots, if any,
will have to occur in
conjugate pairs for such a polynomial. Therefore, a polynomial of odd degree with real coefficients
will necessarily possess a real-valued root. We try to locate that real root by the method of bisection.
Try two different values of
s
such that the polynomial evaluates to a positive and a negative number.
s
s
s
3
2
2 5
2 5
1 5
+
+
+
.
.
.
evaluates to 1.5 for
s
=
0 and –1.5 for
s
= -
2. Therefore, there must be root
between 0 and –2. We try the mid-value of –1 and see that the polynomial evaluates to 0.5. Therefore,
the root must be between –1 and –2. Hence we try the mid-value –1.5. The polynomial evaluates to
0. Hence the root is
s
= -
1.5. In practice, many iterations may be needed to arrive at a root by this
technique.
Solution of Differential Equations by Using Laplace Transforms
13.27
Now we know that (
s
+
1.5) is a factor of
s
s
s
3
2
2 5
2 5
1 5
+
+
+
.
.
.
. Therefore, we get the remaining
second-order factor by long division as
s
s
2
1
+ +
. The roots of this factor are
−
±
0 5
0 866
.
.
j
.
Now we expand each response term in partial fractions. Normally we expand a transform in terms
of first-order partial fractions. However, a second-order factor with complex conjugate roots may be
expanded more conveniently in a form illustrated below.
1
2 5
2 5
1 5
1 5
1
1
3
2
2
2
(
.
.
. )
(
. ) (
)
(
) (
s
s
s
A
s
Bs C
s
s
A s
s
Bs C
+
+
+
=
+
+
+
+ +
=
+ + +
+
))(
. )
(
. )(
)
(
)
(
.
)
(
.
)
(
s
s s
s
s
A B s
A
B C s
A
C
s
+
+
+ +
=
+
+
+
+
+
+
1 5
1 5
1
1 5
1 5
2
2
2
2
ss
s
s
+
+ +
1 5
1
2
. )(
)
Comparing the coefficients of various powers of
s
in the numerator, we get
A
+
B
=
0,
A
+
1.5
B
+
C
=
0 and
A
+
1.5
C
=
1.
Solving for the unknowns, we get
A
=
0.5715,
B
= -
0.5715 and
C
=
0.2857.
Therefore, the zero-state response
=
Inverse of
0 5715
1 5
0 5715
0 2857
1
2
.
.
.
.
s
s
s
s
+
+
−
+
+ +
Inverse of
is
0 5715
1 5
0 5715
1 5
.
.
.
( )
.
s
e
u t
t
+
−
Inverse of
Inverse of
−
+
+ +
=
−
+
0 5715
0 2857
1
0 5715
0
2
.
.
.
s
s
s
s
..
(
. )
(
. )
.
.
.
(
.
2857
0 5
0 75
0 5715
0 5 0 5
0 5
2
2
s
s
s
+
+
=
−
+
−
+
Inverse of
))
( .
)
.
(
. )
( .
)
.
2
2
2
2
0 866
0 2857
0 5
0 866
0 5715
+
+
+
+
=
−
s
s
Inverse of
++
+
+
+
+
+
= −
−
0 5
0 5
0 866
0 5715
0 5
0 866
0 5715
2
2
2
2
0
.
(
. )
( .
)
.
(
. )
( .
)
.
.
s
s
e
55
0 5
0
0 866
0 5715
0 866
0 866
0 5715
t
t
t u t
e
t u t
e
cos .
( )
.
.
sin .
( )
.
.
+
= −
−
−
..
.
cos .
( )
.
sin .
( )
5
0 5
0 866
0 66
0 866
t
t
t u t
e
t u t
+
∴
−
Zero - state respoonse [
=
−
+
−
−
−
0 5715
0 5715
0 866
0 66
0 8
1 5
0 5
0 5
.
.
cos .
.
sin .
.
.
.
e
e
t
e
t
t
t
666
0
t t
];
≥
+
The zero-input response
is given by the inverse of
(
. )
(
.
.
. )
s
s
s
s
s
2
3
2
1 5
2 5
2 5
1 5
+
+
+
+
.
(
. )
(
.
.
. )
(
. )
(
. )(
)
(
s
s
s
s
s
s s
s
s
s
s
s
2
3
2
2
2
1 5
2 5
2 5
1 5
1 5
1 5
1
+
+
+
+
=
+
+
+ +
=
+
ss
s
s
s
+
=
+
+
+
−
+
+
∴
1
0 5
0 5
0 866
0 5
0 866
0 866
0 5
0 866
2
2
2
2
)
.
(
. )
.
.
.
.
(
. )
.
Zerro-input response
[
=
−
−
−
e
t
e
t
t
0 5
0 5
0 866
0 5774
0 866
.
.
cos .
.
cos .
tt t
];
≥
+
0
13.28
Analysis of Dynamic Circuits by Laplace Transforms
Total response
y
(
t
) is the sum of zero-input response and zero-state response. Therefore,
Total Response
y t
e
e
t
t
t
( ) [ .
.
cos .
.
.
.
=
+
+
−
−
0 5715
0 4285
0 866
0
1 5
0 5
00856
0 866
0
0 5715
0 437
0
0 5
1 5
0 5
e
t t
e
e
t
t
t
−
+
−
−
≥
=
+
.
.
.
sin .
];
[ .
.
cos( .8866
11 3
0
0
t
t
−
≥
+
. )];
If we can solve a differential equation with non-zero initial conditions completely in one stroke
using Laplace transforms, then, we can indeed solve linear time-invariant circuits with non-zero initial
conditions for their total response using Laplace transforms. We have to derive the
n
th
order linear
constant-coefficient differential equation describing the circuit in terms of a single chosen variable
first. In the second step, we have to determine the initial values for that chosen circuit variable and
its (
n
-
1) derivatives from the known initial values of inductor currents and capacitor voltages in the
circuit. Then we are ready to employ Laplace transform technique to solve for zero-input response and
zero-state response in one step as illustrated in this example.
However, the derivation of differential equation and determination
of initial values of chosen
variable and its derivatives are the toughest tasks in a circuit analysis problem. Can’t Laplace transform
technique help us to simplify these two stages of circuit analysis?
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