When Abu Hanifa was in his forties, he took the place of his shaykh, Hammad, in Kufa and began to teach
his students regarding the problems they presented for
fatwa
, cases, analogies and examples with his capable,
orderly intellect and direct, logical mind and thus set up that method of
fiqh
from which the Hanafi school is
derived. However, before continuing to discuss the course of his life and what is connected to it, we must first
consider two further important aspects of his life: his livelihood and source of income and how the events of
his time affected him.
Historical deduction leads us to conclude that Abu Hanifa’s father and
grandfather were wealthy
merchants, and it is probable that they traded in
khazz
-silk which was a very profitable business. Abu Hanifa
carried on in the family business until his conversation with ash-Sha‘bi after which he devoted himself to
knowledge. Did he give up commerce altogether? The transmitters are agreed that he did not but remained a
merchant until his death. They mention that he had a partner and it appears that this partner enabled him to
continue to seek knowledge, teach
fiqh
and transmit
hadith
. This trustworthy partner must have prevented him
from having to go to the markets. There were other scholars who combined trade and knowledge such as
Wasil ibn ‘Ata’, the shaykh of the Mu‘tazilites who was Abu Hanifa’s contemporary. He was born in the same
year and was a Persian like him. He also lived off his trade and had a partner who was a relative and dealt
with business on his behalf so that he could devote himself to his studies.
Abu Hanifa, the merchant, had four qualities connected to the behaviour of people in business which made
him a perfect example of the upright merchant just as he was in the first rank among scholars:
• He was wealthy and not controlled by greed which impoverishes souls. This may be due to having grown
up in a wealthy home and never having tasted need.
• He was very trustworthy in all he did.
• He was generous and Allah protected him from avarice.
• He was very devout and religious. He worshipped a lot, fasting in the day and praying at night.
These qualities combined to define his business dealings so that he was unusual among merchants. Many
people compared him to Abu Bakr as-Siddiq in that respect. It was as if by imitating Abu Bakr’s example and
proceeding
on his path, he was one of the
Salaf
who are followed. Both his buying and selling were
trustworthy. A woman brought a silk
garment to sell and he asked, “How much is it?” She replied, “A
hundred.” He said “It is worth more than a hundred. How much?” She kept increasing it by hundreds until she
reached four hundred and he said, “It should be more than that.” She said, “You are mocking me.” He said,
“Bring a man to value it.” She brought a man and he bought it for five hundred.
Thus we see that he was circumspect in buying as well as selling and did not see the heedlessness of the
seller as something to be taken advantage of, but thought that it was necessary to guide the person correctly.
When he was the seller, he would sometimes forgo profit if the buyer was weak or a friend, alternatively, he
would give him some of his excess profit.
A woman once came to him and said, “I am weak and I put myself in your hands. Sell me this garment for
what it cost you.” He said, “Take it for four dirhams.” She retorted, “Do not mock me. I am an old woman.”
He said, “I bought two garments and sold one of them for the cost of both less four dirhams. This garment is
then worth four dirhams.”
Another time a friend came to him and asked him for a silk garment of a certain description and colour. He
told him, “Be patient until it comes and I will get it for you, Allah willing.” That happened before a week had
passed and he took the garment to his friend and said to him, “What you needed has arrived.” “How much is it
then?” the friend asked. “A dirham,” Abu Hanifa replied. He said, “I did not think you would mock me.” He
said, “I am not mocking you. I brought two garments for 20 dinars and a dirham. I sold one for twenty dinars
and this remains for a dirham.”
There is no doubt that such behaviour involves giving or it is alms in the form of buying and selling. It is
not usual commerce. Rather, it tells us about the inner character of that great merchant in himself, his
trustworthiness, intelligence,
deen
and fidelity, and illustrates the generosity in his heart.
He was very distressed about anything which was tainted by the possibility of wrong action, even if such
was unlikely. If he thought that there was any wrong action
involved in a transaction, or suspected it in
connection with any property he had, he would take it and give it as charity to the poor and needy. It is
reported that he sent his partner, Hafs ibn ‘Abdu’r-Rahman, with some goods and told him that there was a
fault in one garment and that he must make the fault clear when he sold it. Hafs sold the goods and forgot to
point out the flaw and he did not know who had bought it. When
Abu Hanifa learned of that, he gave the
entire value of the garment away as charity. (
History of Baghdad,
pt. 13, p. 58)
In spite of this scrupulousness and not being satisfied with anything that was not absolutely lawful, his
trade was profitable and so he often spent on shaykhs and
hadith
scholars. It states in
The
History of Baghdad
:
“He used to accrue profit from one year to the next and he would use it to provide for the requirements of the
shaykhs and scholars: their food and garments and all their needs. Then he would give the remaining dinars of
profit to them and say, “Buy what you need and only praise Allah. I have not given you any money. It is
simply part of Allah’s bounty to you.” (pt. 13, p. 360)
The profit of his trade was used to preserve the dignity of scholars and provide for their needs and to
enable people of knowledge to dispense with official stipends. He was also keen about his appearance which
was reported to be good. He was very concerned about his clothes and chose the best so that his cloak was
worth thirty dinars. He had a good appearance and wore a lot of scent. Abu Yusuf said, “He used to take care
of even his sandal straps so that he was never seen with a broken strap.”
In the same way that he was concerned with his
own attire and appearance, he was also concerned with
that of others. For instance, it is reported that he saw one of his companions
wearing a poor garment and
ordered him to wait until the assembly had departed so that he alone remained. He told him, “Lift the prayer
mat and take what is under it.” The man lifted it and there was 1000 dirhams under it. He told him, “Take
these dirhams and change your state with them.” The man said, “I am wealthy and well-off. I do not need it.”
He told him, “Have you not heard the
hadith
, ‘Allah loves the trace of his blessing to appear on His servant’?
For this reason you must change your state, so that your friend is not grieved by you.”
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