01 Ruziev-Ghosh indd


Selected Banking Sector Indicators



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UzbekBankingRG2009 (1)

Selected Banking Sector Indicators (%)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Bank assets to 
gross domestic 
product (GDP)
51.6
64.9
52.6
45.7
41.1
37.0
36.1
International debt 
to GDP
48.9
58.5
50.6
43.7
37.3
31.3
22.8
Government
guaranteed loans 
to total loans
82.9
82.4
78.2
75.5
69.5
59.8
52.2
Overdue loans to 
total loans 
3.0
5.1
8.5
10.9
9.3
8.9
7.3
Savings accounts 
to total liabilities
12.8
10.8
11.6
12.3
11.0
18.4
15.4
Sources:
Row 1 from Central Bank of Uzbekistan, “Current Situation in the Area 
of Money and Credit and the Main Focus of Monetary Policy for 2006,” available 
at http://cbu.uz/uz/monet_policy/monet_direct2006.htm; 
“Current Situation in the 
Area of Money and Credit and the Main Focus of Monetary Policy for 2007,” 
available at http://cbu.uz/uz/monet_policy/monet_direct2007.htm; “Current 
Situation in the Area of Money and Credit and the Main Focus of Monetary 
Policy for 2008,” available at http://cbu.uz/uz/monet_policy/monet_direct2008 
.htm; 
row 2 from European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 
Transition 
Report
(various years); and the rest from the International Monetary Fund 
Republic 
of Uzbekistan: Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. IMF Country Report no. 08/34
(Washington, DC, 2008), table 2.2, p. 18.


jUNE 2009 19
ergy, such as fuel products. In this sense, at the start of the transition, 
Uzbekistan emphasized “stability at any cost” rather than proclaim-
ing economic growth as its main goal (Spechler, 2000). The second 
priority was to modernize the economy through strengthening the 
industrial sector. These priorities were to be achieved by keeping 
centralized control over the key sectors—the industrial, agricultural, 
energy, and banking sectors—of the economy.
After achieving self-sufficiency in energy and wheat production, 
by 1996 and 1998, respectively, the Uzbek government took a much 
more ambitious stance in steering the economy. In the next stage of 
development, they sought to modernize the economy by increas-
ing the share of industrial production in total output. That is, the 
country “adopted an import-substitution development strategy that 
was intended to transform an economy heavily dependent on agri-
cultural and natural resources into a modern industrial economy” 
(World Bank, 2003, p. i).
Whether these policies were successful or not is beyond the 
scope of this article, but these issues have relevance in explaining 
the structure and performance of the banking sector. Despite the 
significant appropriation of rent from the agricultural and energy 
sectors, the investable surplus accumulated in the hands of the au-
thorities was not sufficient to finance the government’s ambitious 
development programs. For this reason, the government resorted 
to considerable external borrowing and, since independence, bor-
rowed well over US$5 billion, equivalent to more than 55 percent 
of GDP, from abroad. Almost all of these funds, usually medium to 
long-term trade credits, needed to finance big investment projects, 
were borrowed under sovereign guarantees and were on-loaned by 
the state-owned commercial banks to local enterprises (Ruziev, 
Ghosh, and Dow, 2007, p. 21).
As the first two rows of Table 5 indicate, there is a strong 
correlation between banking sector assets and international borrow-
ing. Moreover, given that a significant part of banking sector assets 
originates from borrowings from abroad, it is not surprising to see 
that a large proportion of bank loans are government-guaranteed. 
As the third row of Table 5 indicates, the share of government-
guaranteed loans in total loans remained well above 70 percent up 



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