To date, psychodiagnostics is involved in solving a wide range of problems

3. The birth of scientific psychological diagnostics
Palmistry (from two Greek words “hand” and “prophecy”) is one of the
most ancient teachings about the individual characteristics of a person, his
character traits, the events he experienced, determined by the skin relief of
the palms. The pattern on the surface of the palms is called papillary (fingertips)
and flexor (palm). In its origins, palmistry is closely related to astrology. The
study of the embryonic development of finger patterns in connection with
heredity gave impetus to the emergence of a new branch of knowledge -
dermatoglyphics (from the Greek words "skin" and "engrave"). Papillary
pattern is individual. Its uniqueness, personal character are used in forensics.
Psychological diagnostics emerged from psychology and began to take
shape at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries under the influence of practical
requirements. Its emergence was prepared by several directions.
in psychology.
In the middle of the past, i.e. In the 20th century, the interest of
anthropologists and physicians in the study of dermatoglyphics increased.
The reason for this was the success in the field of research on human
chromosomal diseases. Works appear that indicate the relationship between
individual features of skin patterns and chromosomal abnormalities. The
typical location of the flexor grooves of the palm in Down's disease was established. However,
1.Applied psychology.
Actually psychological diagnostics first appeared in the framework of a
psychiatric examination. Initially, it was represented by ordinary questions
regarding age, place of residence, date of birth, and simple mathematical
operations. Thus, the first subject that psychodiagnostics addressed was the
mental abilities of a person.
already now psychologists say that in healthy people the variety of papillary
and palmar patterns is very large. G.I. Akinshchikova in a comprehensive
longitudinal study established relationships between some dermatoglyphic
features and intelligence, measured by the Wexler test.
A more accurate means of diagnosing mental abilities can be considered
tasks that are somewhat similar to puzzles that require the manifestation of
resourcefulness, criticality, foresight, than tasks related to the description of
objects of everyday life, or tasks aimed at testing memory. Applied psychology
is considered one of the scientific sources of psychological diagnostics. One
or another aspect of applied psychology can be traced in all spheres of
industrial and social activity of a person. Medical, social, engineering,
educational psychology, labor psychology, of course, put before
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1906
The emergence of another large group of tests should be noted. We are
talking about the so-called projective tests, with the help of which an attempt
is made to identify the main functions of the personality. The principle of
projection appears in the verbal-associative method of C. Jung in 1904-
Currently, there is no exact periodization of the stages of formation of
psychological diagnostics. Despite this, it is advisable to consider the
psychodiagnostic ideas that were formed at the end of the 19th and at the
beginning of the 20th centuries. It was at the end of the 19th century that the
formation of scientific and practical psychological diagnostics took place. This
time is associated with the emergence of the experimental differential
psychological study of man, which took shape under the influence of the
demands and needs of practice. The introduction of the experimental method
into the field of psychological research, as well as quantitative (mathematical)
methods for processing and analyzing results, significantly changed the
content and meaning of psychology in general. 2.Experimental psychology.
The own development of tests of intelligence and abilities begins after
1905 with the publication of a set of tests for the selection of children in
special schools, which were compiled by A. Binet and D. Simon.
G. Munsterberg lays the foundations of psychotechnics - an applied
direction, which dealt mainly with the problems of professional selection. In
the 1920s and 1930s, psychotechnics developed intensively in the Soviet
Union. However, later it was undeservedly forgotten.
The beginning of psychological diagnostics as one of the disciplines of
applied psychology will be laid by F. Galton. In 1883, he published An Inquiry
into Human Faculties and Their Development. He proposed to test the general
mental abilities of a person using a psychometric test. The concept of "test"
was first used for quick and simple checks by the American psychologist J.
Cattell. In 1890, his monograph "Mental abilities, their measurement" was
published, in which he offers about 50 simple tests.
Tests based on questions about one's own experiences and behavior or
relationships began to emerge in the 1930s under the influence of the first
psychological questionnaire, left in 1917 by R.S. Woodworth in order to
distinguish recruits suffering from neurosis from healthy ones.
are applied tasks. The tasks that these psychological areas solve are socially
significant: the selection and selection of personnel, determining the readiness
of children for schooling, professional suitability, etc. The involvement of test
methods based on the theory of tests into the field of applied research was
considered a great progress.
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1. Natural science, based on experiment;
the validity of the methods.
Psychological diagnostics borrowed a quantitative principle from
experimental psychology, which turned into a methodological one. It forms the
basis of all procedures and assessments of the diagnostic capabilities of tests.
By developing numerous procedures and techniques, experimental psychology
actually stimulated the development
Nevertheless, the founder of differential psychology (individual differences)
is considered to be V. Stern, who back in 1900. urged psychologists to engage
not only in the study of general mental patterns, but also in individuality.
After the success of A. Binet, the intensive development of psychodiagnostic
test methods and their rapid introduction into the practice of psychologists
began.
considered G. Fechner. He introduced quantitative measures into psychology,
that is, he introduced measurement. This methodological principle was the
basis of differential psychology. From there, he moved into psychological
diagnostics. Until now, it has been used in the development and testing of
psychodiagnostic tools, evidence of reliability and
The beginning of the emergence of experimental psychology is
conditionally considered to be 1879, when the first laboratory of experimental
psychology was opened in Germany. Its founder, W. Wundt, outlined the
prospects for building psychology as an integral science, assumed the
development of two non-intersecting directions in it:
One of the first researchers in experimental psychology
Another, historically no less important, source of psychological diagnosis
lies in differential psychology. Its roots are, as you know, in the ideas of
Darwinism, popular in the 19th century. and penetrated into psychology largely
due to the research of F. Galton. It was he who, using experimental
psychological techniques, first drew attention to interindividual differences.