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[N. Gregory(N. Gregory Mankiw) Mankiw] Principles (BookFi)

when a fall in the U.S. price level causes U.S.
interest rates to fall, the real exchange rate depreciates, and this depreciation stimulates
U.S. net exports and thereby increases the quantity of goods and services demanded.
S u m m a r y
There are, therefore, three distinct but related reasons why a fall in
the price level increases the quantity of goods and services demanded: (1) Con-
sumers feel wealthier, which stimulates the demand for consumption goods. (2)
Interest rates fall, which stimulates the demand for investment goods. (3) The ex-
change rate depreciates, which stimulates the demand for net exports. For all three
reasons, the aggregate-demand curve slopes downward.
It is important to keep in mind that the aggregate-demand curve (like all de-
mand curves) is drawn holding “other things equal.” In particular, our three ex-
planations of the downward-sloping aggregate-demand curve assume that the
money supply is fixed. That is, we have been considering how a change in the
price level affects the demand for goods and services, holding the amount of
money in the economy constant. As we will see, a change in the quantity of money
shifts the aggregate-demand curve. At this point, just keep in mind that the 
aggregate-demand curve is drawn for a given quantity of money.
W H Y T H E A G G R E G AT E - D E M A N D C U R V E M I G H T S H I F T
The downward slope of the aggregate-demand curve shows that a fall in the price
level raises the overall quantity of goods and services demanded. Many other fac-
tors, however, affect the quantity of goods and services demanded at a given price
level. When one of these other factors changes, the aggregate-demand curve shifts.
Let’s consider some examples of events that shift aggregate demand. We can
categorize them according to which component of spending is most directly
affected.
S h i f t s A r i s i n g f r o m C o n s u m p t i o n
Suppose Americans suddenly be-
come more concerned about saving for retirement and, as a result, reduce their
current consumption. Because the quantity of goods and services demanded at


7 1 0
PA R T T W E LV E
S H O R T - R U N E C O N O M I C F L U C T U AT I O N S
any price level is lower, the aggregate-demand curve shifts to the left. Conversely,
imagine that a stock market boom makes people feel wealthy and less concerned
about saving. The resulting increase in consumer spending means a greater quan-
tity of goods and services demanded at any given price level, so the aggregate-
demand curve shifts to the right.
Thus, any event that changes how much people want to consume at a given
price level shifts the aggregate-demand curve. One policy variable that has this
effect is the level of taxation. When the government cuts taxes, it encourages
people to spend more, so the aggregate-demand curve shifts to the right. When
the government raises taxes, people cut back on their spending, and the aggregate-
demand curve shifts to the left.
S h i f t s A r i s i n g f r o m I n v e s t m e n t
Any event that changes how much
firms want to invest at a given price level also shifts the aggregate-demand curve.
For instance, imagine that the computer industry introduces a faster line of 
computers, and many firms decide to invest in new computer systems. Because
the quantity of goods and services demanded at any price level is higher, the 
aggregate-demand curve shifts to the right. Conversely, if firms become pes-
simistic about future business conditions, they may cut back on investment spend-
ing, shifting the aggregate-demand curve to the left.
Tax policy can also influence aggregate demand through investment. As we
saw in Chapter 25, an investment tax credit (a tax rebate tied to a firm’s investment
spending) increases the quantity of investment goods that firms demand at any
given interest rate. It therefore shifts the aggregate-demand curve to the right.
The repeal of an investment tax credit reduces investment and shifts the aggregate-
demand curve to the left.
Another policy variable that can influence investment and aggregate demand
is the money supply. As we discuss more fully in the next chapter, an increase
in the money supply lowers the interest rate in the short run. This makes borrow-
ing less costly, which stimulates investment spending and thereby shifts the
aggregate-demand curve to the right. Conversely, a decrease in the money supply
raises the interest rate, discourages investment spending, and thereby shifts the
aggregate-demand curve to the left. Many economists believe that throughout U.S.
history changes in monetary policy have been an important source of shifts in ag-
gregate demand.
S h i f t s A r i s i n g f r o m G o v e r n m e n t P u r c h a s e s
The most direct way
that policymakers shift the aggregate-demand curve is through government pur-
chases. For example, suppose Congress decides to reduce purchases of new
weapons systems. Because the quantity of goods and services demanded at any
price level is lower, the aggregate-demand curve shifts to the left. Conversely, if
state governments start building more highways, the result is a greater quantity of
goods and services demanded at any price level, so the aggregate-demand curve
shifts to the right.
S h i f t s A r i s i n g f r o m N e t E x p o r t s
Any event that changes net exports
for a given price level also shifts aggregate demand. For instance, when Europe ex-
periences a recession, it buys fewer goods from the United States. This reduces
U.S. net exports and shifts the aggregate-demand curve for the U.S. economy to


C H A P T E R 3 1
A G G R E G AT E D E M A N D A N D A G G R E G AT E S U P P LY
7 1 1
the left. When Europe recovers from its recession, it starts buying U.S. goods again,
shifting the aggregate-demand curve to the right.
Net exports sometimes change because of movements in the exchange rate.
Suppose, for instance, that international speculators bid up the value of the U.S.
dollar in the market for foreign-currency exchange. This appreciation of the dollar
would make U.S. goods more expensive compared to foreign goods, which would
depress net exports and shift the aggregate-demand curve to the left. Conversely,
a depreciation of the dollar stimulates net exports and shifts the aggregate-
demand curve to the right.
S u m m a r y
In the next chapter we analyze the aggregate-demand curve in
more detail. There we examine more precisely how the tools of monetary and fis-
cal policy can shift aggregate demand and whether policymakers should use these
tools for that purpose. At this point, however, you should have some idea about
why the aggregate-demand curve slopes downward and what kinds of events and
policies can shift this curve. Table 31-1 summarizes what we have learned so far.
Ta b l e 3 1 - 1
T
HE
A
GGREGATE
-D
EMAND
C
URVE
: S
UMMARY

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