Translation transformations are complete changes of the appearance of a translated word, phrase, or sentence. In foreign translation theory, transformations are known as shifts of translation

Translation transformations are complete changes of the appearance of a translated word, phrase, or sentence. In foreign translation theory, transformations are known as shifts of translation.Transformations are linguistic means used by a translator in the process of translation to help convey the idea of SL into TL.

Translation transformations can be of three categories: 1. Lexical 2. Grammatical 3. Complex (lexical and grammatical) transformations. Each category is subdivided into 3 – 4 subtypes.

LEXICAL TRANSLATION TRANSFORMATION

1. 
   Transcription (транскрипция)
   
2. 
   Transliteration (транслитерация)
   
3. 
   Blueprint or calcue (loan translation) (калькирование)
   
4. 
   Lexical semantic transformations which include the following ones:
   

1. 
   Specification (конкретизация);
   
2. 
   Generalization (генерализация);
   
3. 
   Modulation of meaning (смысловое развитие)
   

GRAMMATICAL TRANSFORMATIONS:

1. 
   grammatical substitutions (parts of speech, plural to singular, substitutions in the grammatical structures) (грамматические замены)
   
2. 
   sentence integration (объединение предложений)
   
3. 
   sentence partitioning (членение предложений)
   

COMPLEX (LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL) TRANSFORMATIONS

1. 
   Antonymic translation (антонимический перевод)
   
2. 
   Explicatory or Explanatory translation (Экспликация)
   
3. 
   Compensation (Компенсация)
   

TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES

1. 
   Addition (добавление)
   
2. 
   Omission (Опущение)
   
3. 
   Replacement (перестановка)
   

Idioms are a collection of words or phrases which have a figurative meaning that is generally well established and known. So these words can't be taken at their literal meanings since they would sound farcical. Idioms are often used in stories, poems and even in the spoken words.

1. 
   rain cats and dogs – лить как из ведра
   
2. 
   face like thunder – мрачнее тучи
   
3. 
   storm in a teacup – буря в стакане воды, много шума из ничего
   
4. 
   chase rainbows – гнаться за недостижимым
   
5. 
   lightning-fast – молниеносный
   
6. 
   have one's head in the clouds – витать в облаках
   
7. 
   be snowed under – быть перегруженным работой
   
8. 
   be under the weather – недомогать
   
9. 
   for a rainy day – на черный день
   
10. 
    in a fog – растерянный When Anna told me the sad news, I found myself in a fog; I was thoroughly confused.
    

Phrases

A phrase is a small group of words that are like a unit. These units are a part of a bigger sentence or a clause. Phrases are unlike idioms, they are actually direct and to the point. They do not figurative meanings, the expression means what the words indicate.

A phrase, unlike a complete sentence, does not have a subject and a verb. So it does not express a complete sentence, they are a unit of a complete sentence. There are broadly eight types of phrases – noun, verb, adjective, adverb, infinitive, gerund, prepositional and appositive phrases.
A noun phrase can be a single noun or a group of words built around a single noun, for example: Animals need water.

A verb phrase consists of a main verb and its auxiliary verbs (including modals), for example:

I will be going to France next week.

An adjective phrase can be a single adjective or a group of words built around a single adjective

He has clever ideas.

An adverb phrase can be a single adverb or a group of words built around a single adverb, for example:

He spoke very softly.

A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition followed by its object (usually a noun phrase), for example:

They were arguing about money.

An infinitive phrase is the infinitive form of a verb plus any complements and modifiers.

He helped to build the roof.

A gerund phrase is a phrase that consists of a gerund, its object, and any modifiers.

I like singing songs in the shower.

An appositive phrase is a noun, noun phrase, or series of nouns that renames the noun next to it. My puppy, a rambunctious Boston Terrier, loves to play fetch.