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[N. Gregory(N. Gregory Mankiw) Mankiw] Principles (BookFi)

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G

NX.
Each of these four components contributes to the aggregate demand for goods and
services. For now, we assume that government spending is fixed by policy. The
other three components of spending—consumption, investment, and net ex-
ports—depend on economic conditions and, in particular, on the price level. To un-
derstand the downward slope of the aggregate-demand curve, therefore, we must
examine how the price level affects the quantity of goods and services demanded
for consumption, investment, and net exports.
T h e P r i c e L e v e l a n d C o n s u m p t i o n : T h e W e a l t h E f f e c t
Con-
sider the money that you hold in your wallet and your bank account. The nominal
value of this money is fixed, but its real value is not. When prices fall, these dollars
are more valuable because then they can be used to buy more goods and services.
Thus, 
a decrease in the price level makes consumers feel more wealthy, which in turn en-
courages them to spend more. The increase in consumer spending means a larger quantity
of goods and services demanded.
T h e P r i c e L e v e l a n d I n v e s t m e n t : T h e I n t e r e s t - R a t e E f f e c t
As we discussed in Chapter 28, the price level is one determinant of the quantity
of money demanded. The lower the price level, the less money households need to
hold to buy the goods and services they want. When the price level falls, therefore,
households try to reduce their holdings of money by lending some of it out. For in-
stance, a household might use its excess money to buy interest-bearing bonds. Or
it might deposit its excess money in an interest-bearing savings account, and the
bank would use these funds to make more loans. In either case, as households try
to convert some of their money into interest-bearing assets, they drive down
Quantity of
Output
Price
Level
0
Aggregate
demand
P
1
Y
1
Y
2
P
2
1. A decrease
in the price
level . . .
2. . . . increases the quantity of
goods and services demanded.
F i g u r e 3 1 - 3
T
HE
A
GGREGATE
-D
EMAND
C
URVE
.
A fall in the price level
from 
P
1
to 
P
2
increases the
quantity of goods and services
demanded from 
Y
1
to 
Y
2
. There
are three reasons for this negative
relationship. As the price level
falls, real wealth rises, interest
rates fall, and the exchange rate
depreciates. These effects
stimulate spending on
consumption, investment, and
net exports. Increased spending
on these components of output
means a larger quantity of goods
and services demanded.


C H A P T E R 3 1
A G G R E G AT E D E M A N D A N D A G G R E G AT E S U P P LY
7 0 9
interest rates. Lower interest rates, in turn, encourage borrowing by firms that
want to invest in new plants and equipment and by households who want to in-
vest in new housing. Thus, 
a lower price level reduces the interest rate, encourages
greater spending on investment goods, and thereby increases the quantity of goods and
services demanded.
T h e P r i c e L e v e l a n d N e t E x p o r t s : T h e E x c h a n g e - R a t e E f -
f e c t
As we have just discussed, a lower price level in the United States lowers
the U.S. interest rate. In response, some U.S. investors will seek higher returns by
investing abroad. For instance, as the interest rate on U.S. government bonds falls,
a mutual fund might sell U.S. government bonds in order to buy German govern-
ment bonds. As the mutual fund tries to move assets overseas, it increases the sup-
ply of dollars in the market for foreign-currency exchange. The increased supply
of dollars causes the dollar to depreciate relative to other currencies. Because each
dollar buys fewer units of foreign currencies, foreign goods become more expen-
sive relative to domestic goods. This change in the real exchange rate (the relative
price of domestic and foreign goods) increases U.S. exports of goods and services
and decreases U.S. imports of goods and services. Net exports, which equal ex-
ports minus imports, also increase. Thus, 

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