PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN BEREAVED
CHILDREN
Reported differences in rates of psychopathology
in bereaved children stem from differences in study
inclusion/exclusion criteria, recruitment practices
and measures used. The best controlled studies
indicate that only one in five will show disturbance
of clinical severity [5].
Commonly agreed bereavement symptoms
include dysphoria (a state of unease), headaches,
stomach aches and separation anxieties. Distur-
bance is generally non-specific with a marked
heightening in the frequency and persistence of
grief symptoms that in other bereaved children
normally attenuate within 4 months of the death
[3,5]. An expressed wish to be dead generally
reflects the child’s desire to be reunited with
the deceased, although such statements require
careful exploration particularly where family
suicide has occurred.
Children bereaved by family murder or sui-
cide
can evidence post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) and internalizing disorders [6]. Rates and
types of psychopathology are similar to those in
other bereaved children [7], with a raised risk of
depressive disorder up to 2 years after the event
[8]. An increased risk of suicidal behaviour [9,10]
and higher levels of persistent anger, guilt, shame
and social isolation are also reported [7].
Complicated traumatic grief
(CTG) is character-
ized by persistent intrusive and avoidant trauma
symptoms that arise when the deceased died in
subjectively traumatic circumstances. It can lead
to avoidance of any positive or negative reminder
of the deceased and social withdrawal at school
[11]. The causes are unclear. One suggested con-
tributory factor is that children’s sense of pre-
dictability and stability can be undermined if their
primary caregiver appears overwhelmed by the
death [12]. Attempts to differentiate between dis-
orders such as CTG and PTSD continue [13].
Short-term trauma-based cognitive behavioural
interventions (CBT) with parents and children
offer a promising approach to resolving CTG [11].
Recent research examines the hypothesis
that the stress of traumatic parental death
can lead to long-term dysregulation of the
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in
bereaved children [14]. The differences found
between bereaved and control children in levels
of cortical suppression, thought to reflect ‘adrenal
exhaustion’ in bereaved children, were attributed
to adaptation to chronic stress, leaving unclear
how acute traumatic bereavement is associated
with chronic HPA-axis dysregulation.
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