Temporal
deixis refers to the time relative to the time of speaking:
now,
then, today, yesterday, tomorrow, etc.
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Textual
deixis has to do with keeping track of reference in the unfolding
text:
in the following chapter, but, first, I'd like to discuss, etc.
Most of the text
connectors discussed above belong to this group.
Social
deixis is used to code social relationships between speakers and
addressee or audience. Here belong honorifics, titles of addresses and pronouns.
There are two kinds of social deixis: relational and absolute. Absolute deictic
markers are forms attached to a social role:
Your Honor, Mr. President, Your
Grace, Madam, etc.
Relational deictic markers locate persons in relation to the
speaker rather than by their roles in the society:
my cousin, you, her, etc.
In
English, social deixis is not heavily coded in the pronoun system. 'You' refers to
both - singular and plural. As well as in the Uzbek language, English possesses 'a
powerful we':
We are happy to inform..., In this article we...
Inter-sentence connections have come under linguistic investigation but
recently. The highest lingual unit which was approached by traditional grammar as
liable to syntactic study was the sentence. However , further studies in this field
have shown that sentences in continual speech are not used in isolation, they are
interconnected both semantically and syntactically.
The first scholars who identified a succession of such sentences as a special
syntactic unit were the Russian linguists N.S. Pospelov and L.A. Bulakhovsky.
N.S. Pospelov called the unit in question a “complex syntactic unity”,
L.A. Bulakhovsky termed it a “super-phrasal unity”. M.Y. Bloch suggested the
term the “supra-sentential construction”. In the course of study it has been stated
that sentences in speech come under broad grammatical arrangements and combine
with each other on strictly syntactic lines in the formation of the text.
The general idea of a sequence of sentences forming a text provides its two
distinguishing features:
semantic (topical) unity and semantico-syntactic cohesion
.
Semantic unity implies that a text as a succession of sentences centers on a
common informative purpose. Semantico-syntactic cohesion interprets the
sentences in a succession as syntactically relevant.
Sentences in a sequence can be connected either
prospectively
or
retrospectively
. Prospective connection is effected by connective elements that
relate a given sentence to one that is to follow it. A prospective connector signals
a continuation of speech: the sentence containing it is semantically incomplete,
e.g.: And now let us
switch onto the
next topic
. The environmental protection.
Retrospective connection is effected by connective elements that relate a given
sentence to the one that precedes it and is semantically complete by itself.
Retrospective connection is the basic type sentence connection in ordinary speech,
e.g.: The man hit the ball. The crowd cheered
him
on.
On the basis of the functional nature of connectors, sentence connection can
be of two types:
conjunctive
and
correlative
. Conjunctive connection is effected by
conjunction-like connectors: regular conjunctions (coordinative and subordinative)
and adverbial or parenthetical sentence-connectors (then, yet, however,
consequently, hence, besides, moreover, nevertheless). Conjunctive connection can
be only retrospective,
e.g.: Carter was upset and angry.
But
remained firm.
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