Lesson Number Two: Demographic Luck
5.
Maurice Janklow enrolled in Brooklyn Law School in 1919. He was the
eldest son of Jewish immigrants from Romania. He had seven brothers and
sisters. One ended up running a small department store in Brooklyn. Two
others were in the haberdashery business, one had a graphic design studio,
another made feather hats, and another worked in the finance department at
Tishman Realty.
Maurice, however, was the family intellectual, the only one to go to
college. He got his law degree and set up a practice on Court Street in
downtown Brooklyn. He was an elegant man who dressed in a homburg and
Brooks Brothers suits. In the summer, he wore a straw boater. He married the
very beautiful Lillian Levantin, who was the daughter of a prominent
Talmudist. He drove a big car. He moved to Queens. He and a partner then
took over a writing-paper business that gave every indication of making a
fortune.
Here was a man who looked, for all the world, like the kind of person who
should thrive as a lawyer in New York City. He was intelligent and educated.
He came from a family well schooled in the rules of the system. He was
living in the most economically vibrant city in the world. But here is the
strange thing: it never happened. Maurice Janklow’s career did not take off
the way that he’d hoped. In his mind, he never really made it beyond Court
Street in Brooklyn. He struggled and floundered.
Maurice Janklow had a son named Mort, however, who became a lawyer
as well, and the son’s story is very different from that of the father. Mort
Janklow built a law firm from scratch in the 1960s, then put together one of
the very earliest cable television franchises and sold it for a fortune to Cox
Broadcasting. He started a literary agency in the 1970s, and it is today one of
the most prestigious in the world.
*
He has his own plane. Every dream that
eluded the father was fulfilled by the son.
Why did Mort Janklow succeed where Maurice Janklow did not? There
are, of course, a hundred potential answers to that question. But let’s take a
page from the analysis of the business tycoons born in the 1830s and the
software programmers born in 1955 and look at the differences between the
two Janklows in terms of their generation. Is there a perfect time for a New
York Jewish lawyer to be born? It turns out there is, and this same fact that
helps explain Mort Janklow’s success is the second key to Joe Flom’s success
as well.
6.
Lewis Terman’s genius study, as you will recall from the chapter about Chris
Langan, was an investigation into how some children with really high IQs
who were born between 1903 and 1917 turned out as adults. And the study
found that there was a group of real successes and there was a group of real
failures, and that the successes were far more likely to have come from
wealthier families. In that sense, the Terman study underscores the argument
Annette Lareau makes, that what your parents do for a living, and the
assumptions that accompany the class your parents belong to,
matter
.
There’s another way to break down the Terman results, though, and that’s
by
when
the Termites were born. If you divide the Termites into two groups,
with those born between 1903 and 1911 on one side, and those between 1912
and 1917 on the other, it turns out that the Terman failures are far more likely
to have been born in the earlier group.
The explanation has to do with two of the great cataclysmic events of the
twentieth century: the Great Depression and World War II. If you were born
after 1912—say, in 1915—you got out of college after the worst of the
Depression was over, and you were drafted at a young enough age that going
away to war for three or four years was as much an opportunity as it was a
disruption (provided you weren’t killed, of course).
The Termites born before 1911, though, graduated from college at the
height of the Depression, when job opportunities were scarce, and they were
already in their late thirties when the Second World War hit, meaning that
when they were drafted, they had to disrupt careers and families and adult
lives that were already well under way. To have been born before 1911 is to
have been demographically unlucky. The most devastating events of the
twentieth century hit you at exactly the wrong time.
This same demographic logic applies to Jewish lawyers in New York like
Maurice Janklow. The doors were closed to them at the big downtown law
firms. So they were overwhelmingly solo practitioners, handling wills and
divorces and contracts and minor disputes, and in the Depression the work of
the solo practitioner all but disappeared. “Nearly half of the members of the
metropolitan bar earned less than the minimum subsistence level for
American families,” Jerold Auerbach writes of the Depression years in New
York. “One year later 1,500 lawyers were prepared to take the pauper’s oath
to qualify for work relief. Jewish lawyers (approximately one-half of the
metropolitan bar) discovered that their practice had become a ‘dignified road
to starvation.’ ” Regardless of the number of years they had spent in practice,
their income was “strikingly less” than that of their Christian colleagues.
Maurice Janklow was born in 1902. When the Depression started, he was
newly married and had just bought his big car, moved to Queens, and made
his great gamble on the writing-paper business. His timing could not have
been worse.
“He was going to make a fortune,” Mort Janklow says of his father. “But
the Depression killed him economically. He didn’t have any reserves, and he
had no family to fall back on. And from then on, he became very much a
scrivener-type lawyer. He didn’t have the courage to take risks after that. It
was too much for him. My father used to close titles for twenty-five dollars.
He had a friend who worked at the Jamaica Savings Bank who would throw
him some business. He would kill himself for twenty-five bucks, doing the
whole closing, title reports. For twenty-five bucks!
“I can remember my father and mother in the morning,” Janklow
continued. “He would say to her, ‘I got a dollar seventy-five. I need ten cents
for the bus, ten cents for the subway, a quarter for a sandwich,’ and he would
give her the rest. They were that close to the edge.”
7.
Now contrast that experience with the experience of someone who, like Mort
Janklow, was born in the 1930s.
Take a look at the following chart, which shows the birthrates in the
United States from 1910 to 1950. In 1915, there are almost three million
babies. In 1935, that number drops by almost six hundred thousand, and then,
within a decade and a half, the number is back over three million again. To
put it in more precise terms, for every thousand Americans, there were 29.5
babies born in 1915; 18.7 babies born in 1935; and 24.1 babies born in 1950.
The decade of the 1930s is what is called a “demographic trough.” In
response to the economic hardship of the Depression, families simply stopped
having children, and as a result, the generation born during that decade was
markedly smaller than both the generation that preceded it and the generation
that immediately followed it.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |