Competitiv
e
adv
antages
Compar
ativ
e
adv
antages
Organization
Destination policy
,
Planning and
De
v
elopment
Core resources and
Attr
actors
Suppor
ting f
actors and
resources
T our
ism destination per
ceived imag
e
T our
ism destinations
perceived ima
ge
s
Accommodations and
Restaur
ants
Contact personnel
Care and treatment
P
erceiv
ed v
alue per mone
y
T
OURISM MARKETS
Comm
unication - Social media
VISIBLE
INVISIBLE
Qualifying and
amplifying
Deter
minants
Destination
Management
TOURISM DESTINA
TION
Unanimated en
vironment
Competitor Y
Competitor Z
DEMAND CONDITIONS
T
our
ist A
T
our
ist B
T
our
ist C
Set of destination
adv
antages/
benefits perceiv
ed
b
y
the tour
ist C
P
ost-consumption
Set of destination adv
antages/
benefits perceiv
ed b
y
the tour
ist A
T
our
ism Destination as a ser
vice deliv
er
y system
Communication - Social media
Situational
Conditions
Pre-consumption
Dur
ing
consumption
T
our
ists’
e
xper
iences
T our
ists’ e
xpectations
Figure
4.4:
Tourism
destinations
and
tourism
markets:
A
service
delivery
system
approach.
Tourist Behaviour and Trends
113
professionals must remain cautious when making policy decisions based on
motivation studies.
4.3.
The Tourist Experience
Following the process that leads to the choice of a destination and type of
accommodations and activities, tourists actually have an on-site experience
that will either satisfy or dissatisfy them. Satisfaction is reached when tour-
ists perceive quality and high performance in the delivery of tourism ser-
vices. Satisfaction is achieved if the overall tourist experience matches the
expectations that have been formed by personal needs, previous experience
and various marketing messages. Of course, expectations may vary consid-
erably from one tourist segment to another. Different segments may exhibit
different expectations, motivations, interests, etc. (Ballantyne, Packer, &
Sutherland, 2011).
Providing tourists with memorable and satisfying travel experiences is a
complex task that requires an understanding of tourist motivations and
expectations. Experiences are personal and may be described as the indivi-
dual and subjective response that tourists have after interacting with a
tourism destination or a tourism firm. Furthermore, tourists’ experiences
integrate a set of physical, emotional, spiritual, intellectual, subjective
impressions that are acquired from the planning phase of the trip till the
return home (Andrades, 2012; Otto & Ritchie, 1996; Pine & Gilmore, 1998).
In a competitive environment, destinations and firms can differentiate
themselves by providing tourists with unforgettable experiences. Tourism
managers have to implement segmentation strategies to identify their
potential visitors’ needs and wants, and subsequently develop the right
positioning strategies to reach the selected target markets. But the crucial
stage in the implementation of positioning strategies that promise memor-
able experiences for tourists is the effective delivery of such experiences. So
the key questions to be answered are: How can destinations and firms
design and supply memorable experiences to their customers? What are the
basic components of a tourist experience?
Table 4.1 proposes some of the aspects that managers need to address in
order to design peak experiences for tourists. The factors may be grouped
around three main components of the experience: (1) the unanimated envir-
onment where the experience is delivered; (2) the need to involve tourists
and make them actively participate in the co-creation of the experience
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Lidia Andrades Caldito et al.
and (3) the need to amaze, surprise, challenge, facilitate tourists’ self-
development and growth.
One key recommendation is to involve tourists in the co-creation of
experiences. Managers should plan opportunities for effective interactions
between tourists and service providers, other tourists at the destination,
and the host community.
The travel experience does not end on the last day of the trip. It con-
tinues when tourists are at home and when they reflect over their experi-
ence, reminisce about the good times, and share with others their
impressions. At this stage, tourists may share photographs that help them
to construct their travel narrative (Urry, 2003), or amateur videos which
represent a powerful means of ‘transportation’ to destinations (Tussyadiah &
Fesenmaier, 2009), allowing others to experience the destination without
moving geographically and motivating them to visit in the future. They can
Table 4.1:
Components of memorable tourism experiences.
1. About the physical environment where the experience is provided
• Theming the experience and setting the stage;
• Defining the mix of memorabilia;
• Engaging the tourists’ five senses;
• Respecting the authenticity and singularity of the place when designing
activities.
2. About the need to involve tourists
• Offering the possibility to choose between a wide range of alternatives;
• Managing each touch point and service encounter to enhance the
experience;
• Surprising tourists with amazing moments, exceeding their
expectations;
• Facilitating a safe environment so tourists perceive control over the
situation and low risk.
3. About the need to facilitate personal growth
• Aligning the experience with positive cues that match tourists’ values;
• Offering freedom for self-discovery and time to interact with local
communities;
• Planning activities to connect tourists with local communities and their
singular resources;
• Proposing challenges that match tourists’ skills, so self-growth, self-
expression, and self-actualisation will be fostered.
Tourist Behaviour and Trends
115
also write comments in travel blogs or review sites to share their interpreta-
tion of the destination at the time, which helps them build their social identity
(Kane, 2011). This post-consumption, as described in Figure 4.2, is relevant
and provides stimuli for other tourists to visit the destination, helping them
to evaluate alternatives before making a decision. Tourists will avoid those
places or tourism services whose reviews are not positive (Gretzel & Yoo,
2008). Consequently, tourists are active in creating, reinforcing or devaluating
destination images while sharing their post-visit experiences. This can be a
threat to tourism managers, but it should be considered as an opportunity.
Destinations and services that are able to create and manage quality experi-
ences will greatly benefit from the tourists’ contributions.
4.4.
Meeting the Needs of the Tourist
4.4.1.
Market Segmentation
Global tourism markets have greatly evolved. New source markets (and
new destinations) are emerging, particularly in Asia. As a consequence, it is
expected that by 2030 the traditionally top two destination regions, Europe
and North America, will have their market share significantly reduced in
favour of Asia and the Pacific. Tourist profiles are changing as well.
Travellers in 2030 will have different values, customs and will expect differ-
ent tourism experiences according to their respective wants and needs. The
Future Foundation report (2015) produced for the Global Distribution
System (GDS) Amadeus on future traveller tribes states that future travel-
lers will not respond to classic socio-demographic patterns, but that their
profiles will be determined by their values, behaviours and specific needs.
The report identifies six traveller ‘tribes’ that will configure the tourism
market in 2030: ‘simplicity searchers’; ‘cultural purists’; ‘social capital see-
kers’; ‘reward hunters’; ‘obligation metres’ and ‘ethical travellers’. As
expected, each of them will look for different experiences. Understanding
how tourism markets are evolving provides tourism managers with relevant
information to guide destination management. Market segmentation helps
destination managers and tourism suppliers devise the best strategies to
adopt in order to attract target markets. Benefits from effective segmenta-
tion are well-known and range from better meeting customers’ needs,
achieving a differentiated position for the tourism brand, to focussing on
those areas where improvements are better acknowledged by tourists. The
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Lidia Andrades Caldito et al.
following section describes some theoretical foundations for implementing
segmentation strategies.
4.4.2.
From Market Segmentation to Target Marketing
Since there are many tourist markets, it is essential for a destination and
for businesses to select carefully the potential customers to be reached,
attracted and satisfied. A successful positioning strategy can only be imple-
mented when the organisation has a good knowledge of its target markets.
In order to create value, tourism companies are expected to fit their services
to their clients, but this is only possible when a thorough market segmenta-
tion and target selection has been performed.
Market segmentation is a process that splits the market into smaller
groups of potential tourists who exhibit similar needs, wants, behaviours,
etc. In addition, each group should be dissimilar to other identified groups.
Knowing the common features of these market subgroups will allow tour-
ism companies to personalise their offer, to better address potential custo-
mers’ specific expectations and to satisfy them. If segmenting means
dividing the market into submarkets, the essential decision to make is to
choose the segmentation variables that will help differentiate between cus-
tomers. Classic variables have been geographical, demographic or socioeco-
nomic variables. More specific tourism segmentation variables have been
purpose of travel, tourist needs, motivation and benefits sought, willingness
to pay, etc. However, markets are evolving and traditional variables may
not be as useful as they used to. Although geographic and socio-
demographic variables remain important, they must be completed by psy-
chographic and behavioural variables. Variables which have been suggested
as useful when segmenting tourism markets may be tourist information
search behaviour or tourists’ sentiments. Examples can be found in the
identification of traveller tribes (Future Foundation, 2015).
Some issues must be considered when deciding which segmentation vari-
ables to use. Typically, the following criteria are used to judge segmenta-
tion alternatives:
• Ease of identification;
• Segment size;
• Segment accessibility;
• Strategic/operational effectiveness;
• Segment stability.
Tourist Behaviour and Trends
117
First, the variables must be differentiating. They must contribute to
easily differentiate between people within a market. Second, a segment
must be large enough to warrant efforts and investment. Third, a segment
must be realistically reachable (communication) and accessible (distribution
and sales). Fourth, variables must be operational to be easily used and
measured by tourism marketers. Finally, a segment must be stable over
time so that marketing efforts can be made and yield results that will bene-
fit the destination and the tourism organisations.
Once the market has been segmented, tourism organisations will have to
evaluate the attractiveness of each market and decide which to target. Once
a target is identified, a set of marketing strategies must be designed and
implemented to reach, attract and satisfy the target market by meeting their
needs. Specific marketing plans must be actively pursued to achieve success
with each target market.
4.5.
Global Consumer Trends
4.5.1.
The C-Consumers
This section addresses what may be the greatest change with respect to con-
sumer behaviour, a change that has affected tourism, and also other retail
sectors and people’s lifestyles. A new type of consumer was born as a result
of the technological evolutions of the late 20th century as well as a conse-
quence of globalisation. Today’s consumers are increasingly connected;
they are in fact always connected. This generation of consumers may be
called the ‘C-generation’ or the connected generation (Dimanche, 2010).
Unlike the baby-boomers or generations X and Y, the C-generation is not
limited to an age group. People of all ages have adopted a new connected
lifestyle with their electronic devices. Mobile devices such as laptops, tablets
and smartphones have made it possible for people to always be connected,
at the office and at home, on the road, and in destinations. This connected
consumer has earlier been called the e-consumer (electronic consumer).
More recently, connected mobile tourists have been called m-tourists: they
use mobile electronic devices such as smartphones or tablets.
The C-consumer (see Figure 4.5) is changing the way businesses and des-
tinations are approaching marketing and their relationships with visitors.
C stands first for Connected. New consumers feel the need to be always
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Lidia Andrades Caldito et al.
connected. Even on vacations, they are connected to their devices and, as a
result, to networks and to work. Not only are consumers constantly check-
ing their smartphones, they will soon be wearing connected watches that
carry multi-purpose applications from way-finding to hotel room keys.
Travellers are connected to keep in touch with Contacts, but also to get
Content
anytime. This is the Google generation that is constantly looking
for information, news, photos or videos. Not only are people consuming
content, they are also creating and posting content. Thanks to web 2.0
technologies, tourists post pictures and videos, write blogs, share ideas and
experiences, write evaluations and recommendations. They can do this any-
time and faster than any business or destination could do it. It is therefore
important for organisations to learn how to use such consumers. For exam-
ple, a destination, a hotel, or an attraction can set up strategies to encou-
rage the posting and sharing of positive information toward peers and
networks. Certainly, the organisation loses some control
… but it is at that
price (or risk) that the C-consumer will contribute to its marketing efforts.
The connected traveller evolves from being a passive consumer (I read and
consume information) to an active one (I produce information, I share it,
and I persuade others). As a result, new tourist typologies (some call them
tribes) are emerging.
Figure 4.5:
The C-consumer.
Tourist Behaviour and Trends
119
The C also stands for Cross-channel. New consumers easily go from one
channel to another to purchase and to communicate and may even do that
simultaneously on several channels. They may start a relationship with a
service provider through one channel but will go through several channels
before completing their transactions and customer experiences. Control is
also important for the C-generation: The consumer can look for informa-
tion and ask for advice anytime and wherever. They like to make their own
decisions and they are in control of their own groups. This client is also a
star! They at the centre of their networks and their comments, photos and
videos are accessible, if they wish, to all. They can also have products and
services that are uniquely customised for them. Customization is another
key point. This new consumer wants to be co-creator of the services they
purchase. We increasingly see hotel and travel companies designing
dynamic packaging opportunities that respond to this trend. Finally, the
C-generation changes traditional market segmentation efforts. We now
address communities, networks, and even tribes (Future Foundation,
2015). These communities of consumers are multinational, multi-age and
bring
people
together
around
travel
preferences
and
behaviours.
Organisations now have to share control and (marketing) power with con-
nected travellers.
4.5.2.
The Green Consumers
Sustainable development has grown since the late 1980s as a new approach
for tourism planning and management. The basic tenet of sustainable
development is that natural resources are limited and should be managed
so that they can still be enjoyed by and continue to provide economic bene-
fits for future generations. Parallel to the growing concern for sustainability
from a government and business perspective (focus on Corporate Social
Responsibility or CSR), the late 20th century has witnessed a growing con-
sumer concern for the environment. People are increasingly paying atten-
tion to environmental degradation, pollution, and to the overall impacts of
human behaviour on global warming and the natural environment. The
emerging ‘green consumer’ is mindful of the environment and is supportive
of environmental causes. Such consumers change their purchase behaviour
and may even switch brands or products to have a lesser impact on the
environment.
In fact, there is no such thing as a green tourist. Rather, studies find
that consumers vary on a continuum and present different behaviours,
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Lidia Andrades Caldito et al.
depending on situations. Differences between consumers can be explained
with the following factors (Horner & Swarbrooke, 2006, p. 181):
• Awareness and knowledge of the issues;
• Attitudes toward the environment in general;
• Other priorities in life (such as making a living);
• Information obtained from the media and pressure groups;
• Their health, family commitments and housing.
In response to the greening trends, governments, destinations, and com-
panies are increasingly implementing sustainable development strategies
and numerous ‘green’ labels and certifications have been established
(e.g. Green Globe, Green Key, European Ecolabel). Consumers may be
confused by all these certifications and by companies’ and destinations’
assertions that they are green!
But the trend towards more environmental responsibility and account-
ability is strengthening. Companies are increasingly focussing on sustain-
ability because of government regulations, competitive pressure and
customer demand. From a tourist behaviour perspective, companies believe
that visitors look for green companies and might choose green companies
as opposed to ‘non-green’ ones. For example, hotel group Accor has
invested resources and made strong efforts to become the leading hotel
group with respect to sustainability. However, research has shown that
even though visitors may declare positive attitudes towards the environ-
ment and sustainable tourism, only a few of them act accordingly
(Budeanu, 2007). Nonetheless, there is growing evidence that travellers are
expecting green practices from suppliers. Even though the sustainable tour-
ism concept did not emerge from the demand side, creating a sustainable
future will require fundamental changes in attitude and behaviour from
governments and industries as well as from individual tourists.
4.6.
Focus on Russian Tourists
Until the late 20th century, the tourism sector in the Russian Federation
consisted mostly of internal tourism. The number of domestic travellers in
Russia went from about 52 million people movements in 1990 to reach 96.3
million trips in 2011. The economic impact of those trips was 444,200
million rubles in 2006, and it was expected to reach 713,815 million rubles
Tourist Behaviour and Trends
121
in
2016,
demonstrating
the
growth
of
Russian
internal
tourism
(Euromonitor, 2012). Russian tourists enjoy visiting traditional destina-
tions like Moscow, St. Petersburg, or Sochi, as well as many others places
along this vast country. Their motivations for travelling are similar to those
of tourists from other countries: They like culture, nature, or gastronomy,
but they exhibit a particular interest for health and spa destinations.
If, on the one hand, internal tourism has a long tradition in the coun-
try and is well developed, on the other hand, international tourism, both
inbound and outbound, has been limited until the late 1990s, mostly due
to political reasons. Among the forces that drove the transformation of
the Russian tourism sector into a more open one, the most significant
were ‘the fall of the Iron Curtain, the abolition of the state monopoly on
certain types of business activities, the privatization of government-owned
enterprises, price liberalization, the creation of a legislative and legal fra-
mework for domestic businesses, favoured nations status to foreign busi-
nesses operating in Russia’ (Furmanova, Balaevab, & Predvoditelevab,
2012, p. 17). The total number of trips made by Russian citizens to non-
CIS countries in 2010 almost tripled compared to 2000 and between 2005
and 2013; the number of foreign trips taken by Russians rose 118% to
reach 31.5 million trips in 2013. This growth stopped in 2014/2015 as a
result of the Ukraine crisis which was followed by a devaluation of the
ruble. International tourism is nonetheless developing in the country, and
the number of Russians who want to travel abroad for holidays is
growing.
According to Euromonitor, preferred international destinations for
Russians are Ukraine (7.9 million Russian tourist visits in 2010), Turkey
(3 million), Egypt (2.7 million) or China (2.3 millions). Social bonds, price
competitiveness, as well as relative proximity and accessibility, may explain
these preferences. Besides, during the period from 2000 to 2013, an increas-
ing flow of Russian tourists was recorded to European Union countries
such as Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy and Spain. In 2013
Russia was the fastest growing tourism market for Europe. This trend is
expected to continue with a flourishing Russian middle class (European
Travel Commission & World Tourism Organization, 2015), if the geopoliti-
cal and economic situation improves. However, this growth is expected to
be more modest. Russians who travel abroad are sensitive to prices when
choosing a destination. Consequently, changes in the exchange rate will ser-
iously affect their decisions in favour of Russian destinations. So in the
short run, internal tourism will be reinforced at the expense of outbound
tourism.
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Lidia Andrades Caldito et al.
About half of the Russians who travel abroad are using the internet as
an information source, and unlike tourists from other countries, they rarely
book their trips through internet. Due to this behaviour, Russian tourists
travelling abroad are still very dependent upon outbound tour operators
and travel agencies. Tour operators are considered as a good source of
information when planning a holiday trip. Russians mostly book through
travel agencies, and often select destinations offering sun and beach holi-
days. Only 5% of the Russian tourists book their holidays online
(European Travel Commission & World Tourism Organization, 2015).
However, for those booking online, internet represents an influential source
of information (Fotis, Buhalis, & Rossides, 2011). After analysing a panel
of 345 Russian internet users, they found that internet users may be willing
to change their travel plans during a trip because of the influence of social
media.
With respect to motivation for travelling, Russians seek good weather
and rest, usually in sun and beach destinations, but they also look for
added value from cultural, gastronomy, shopping and sightseeing elements
to enhance their travel experience. Although shopping may not be the main
motivation for travelling, it is still a key factor. For instance, Russian tour-
ists were the second nationality as measured by expenditure in Spain in
2013. They bought mainly clothes and accessories (55.8%); personal elec-
tronic devices and household stuff (14.8%) and travelling items, watches
and jewellery (Renedo-Sedano, 2014). When travelling abroad, Russian
tourists like to visit historic buildings, museums and castles, they enjoy eat-
ing at restaurants, clubbing and visiting theme parks (Renedo-Sedano,
2014; U.S. Department of Commerce, 2011; VisitBritain, 2014). Most
Russians declared that when they are on holidays, they like to see famous
and well-known locations. They often chose destinations that have beauti-
ful resources, and a third of them enjoy exploring new places that are not
overcrowded (VisitBritain, 2014). Most travel abroad in summer and
around Christmas and their trip last about 10 days on average. They
usually choose hotels as the main type of accommodation (European
Travel Commission & World Tourism Organization, 2015).
No matter where they travel, there are some features that may be speci-
fic to Russian tourists:
• An increasing unwillingness to obtain visas via complicated and lengthy
procedures; a shift towards visa-free destinations;
• Regional variability in destination preferences, due to geographic
proximity;
Tourist Behaviour and Trends
123
• Late booking and buying decisions, both for accommodation and trans-
portation, for both holidaymakers and business travellers;
• High price elasticity of tourist demand for mass tourism, and a relatively
low price elasticity for high-end tourism products;
• A preference for hot and heavy meals, and for dark bread;
• A limited knowledge of foreign languages, including English. In mass
tourism destinations, they expect some personnel to know Russian.
Belova (2014, p. 190) described Russian tourists as people who are
‘open, often unwary, characterized by breadth of mind and optimism, hop-
ing to the so-called “Russian avos”’ (‘Whatever, I’m sure I’ll get lucky’)
even in the most inappropriate situations, gambling, loving all that is
cheap, and even preferring to get it for free. ‘Russian tourists, especially
holidaymakers, love to relax with good singing and dancing’ (translation
by the authors).
In a report published by VisitBritain (2014), guidelines are made for
British hoteliers and tour operators with respect to Russian tourists; recom-
mendations include the following:
• Russians tend to book at the last minute; it is estimated that 80% of
holidays packages are traded in the last four weeks before departure.
• A big majority of Russians, middle and lower middle class in particular,
prefer to travel in groups. By contrast, the most affluent Russians prefer
to take individual trips.
• Russian tourists are adventurous, active and participative, sociable, and
seeking fresh experiences.
Also, Russian tourists, according to this report, may be perceived as
cold and not very open or polite. It is nonetheless noted that Russian tour-
ists may be willing to spend more than they can afford during their
holidays.
Accessibility to a country is very important to international arrivals and
Russian tourists are increasingly unwilling to deal with difficult visa proce-
dures. This is particularly evident in the case of Britain, which was in 2013
the 32nd most visited country by Russians although the country attracts
Russians and is still considered as a prestigious destination. The average
expenditure by Russian tourists in Britain is 1057 pounds per visit, well
above the 600 pounds per trip that average international tourists make. But
obtaining a British visa is substantially more difficult than getting a
Schengen visa, which provides access to 26 countries across Europe, and
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Lidia Andrades Caldito et al.
this places Britain in a very disadvantaged position (Prynn, 2013).
Nonetheless, even getting a Schengen visa is increasingly perceived by
many Russian tourists as a difficult and time-wasting process. As a result,
the EU may lose out to visa-free countries or countries that propose easier
visa procedures or multiple entry visas.
Finally, from a socio-demographic perspective, the Russian market can
simply be seen as two main groups: The low-end to middle-class mass tour-
ists who enjoy tanning on the beach in Greece, Turkey, Egypt or Bulgaria,
and high-end luxury travellers who travel further to world-renown top-end
destinations such as London, the French Riviera and Monaco or
Courchevel.
Box 4.2:
Russian Travel Tribes
In their 2015 report titled ‘Understanding Russian outbound tour-
ism — What the Russian blogosphere is saying about Europe’ the
European Travel Commission (ETC) and the World Tourism
Organization (UNWTO) identified four Russian travel tribes based
on a netnographic study of Russian blogs and travel forums:
• The ‘rookie’ (50 60% of Russian travellers)
• The ‘travel guru’ (25 35%)
• The ‘immersive explorer’ (10 20%)
• The ‘wealthy world citizen’ (5%).
Each of those four tribes exhibit various travel experiences, motiva-
tions and shared values that impact what Russians are looking for in
terms of travel products and marketing messages.
4.7.
Conclusions and Marketing Implications
It is important for tourism professionals to understand the basic models
that attempt to explain consumer behaviour. Indeed, it is the responsibility
of the tourism manager/marketer to identify target markets, attract them
to a destination and satisfy them though the provision of good experiences.
It is indeed tourism professionals’ responsibility to develop marketing and
management strategies that are based on an accurate knowledge of tourist
behaviour trends. Tourists have various motivations, expectations, and
Tourist Behaviour and Trends
125
behaviours, and tourists differ according to nationality, culture, social
class, travel experience, etc. It is also important for professionals to review
travel demand data and the factors that affect international and national
demand. They should identify sources of information such as the
UNWTO, the ETC, as well as Russian sources of tourism statistics and
information.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. What models help you understand consumer behaviour?
2. Think about your own motivation to travel. What internal or
personal factors would push you to go on a trip? Which destina-
tion would you choose to travel to and why? How does the desti-
nation match your personal motives to travel?
3. Discuss the extent to which Russian travellers are free to choose
a destination for their holidays. What factors are constraining
their choices?
4. Choose a tourism destination in your region and identify its ‘pull
factors’. Then choose a tourist market segment whose ‘push fac-
tors’ are likely to be matched and satisfied by your destination.
5. In the context of a Russian destination of your choice, read that
destination print and online marketing materials and determine
the various target markets the destination is attempting to
attract. Write a description of these markets in terms of consu-
mer behaviour.
6. Consult the report published by the Future Foundation and
Amadeus and read the descriptions of the six traveller tribes.
Identify people you know and explain how they might fit in some
of those tribes.
7. Consult the ETC — UNWTO report on Russian outbound tour-
ism and read the description of Russian traveller tribes. Which
tribe do you belong to?
8. Is social class important in people’s choice of vacation
destination?
9. Why should tourism professionals use market segmentation?
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Lidia Andrades Caldito et al.
10. What is the image of Western Europe in your mind and that of
your peers?
11. How are Russian destinations using new information technology
and mobile devices to create value for tourists?
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