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Tourist Behaviour and Trends
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Chapter 4
Tourist Behaviour and Trends
Lidia Andrades Caldito, Fre´de´ric Dimanche and
Sergey Ilkevich
LEARNING OUTCOMES
As a result of this chapter, the students will
• Understand the wide range of factors that affect tourist choices
• Identify various approaches to tourist motivation
• Understand the need for market segmentation
• Apprehend how technology is changing tourist behaviour
• Understand tourists’ concerns for sustainability
• Learn how to design experiences for tourists
• Be aware of specific tourist markets
CHAPTER OVERVIEW
This chapter is devoted to the analysis of tourist behaviour as a funda-
mental aspect to be considered by tourism destinations and businesses
when planning marketing strategies. The chapter addresses the factors
that affect tourists’ preferences and choices, and a special attention will
be paid to sustainability, as far as modern tourists exhibit a growing
concern about the impact of their acts. Moreover, tourists’ motivations
will be discussed, so as to facilitate the readers’ understanding about
tourists’ travel decisions. However different tourists may behave in a
very diverse way, that is why the need for tourists’ segmentation will
be addressed, reflecting on the destinations need for segmentation to
be able to please different type of tourists with a wide range of expec-
tations, needs, etc.
Another issue that cannot be avoided in a tourist behaviour is the tourist
experience as the essential element around which a competitive destination
should be defined, designed, planned and developed. The elements that
comprise tourists’ experiences will be presented and managerial recommen-
dations will be made.
Finally, tourist behaviour has dramatically changed with the advent of
modern communication tools such as internet, mobile devices, social net-
works, online booking engines, etc. The consequences of the emergence of
information and communication technologies on tourist behaviour will be
discussed.
Chapter Outline
4.1. Introduction
4.2. The Decision-Making Process
4.2.1. How Do Consumers Make Decisions?
4.2.2. Explicative Models for Tourist Behaviour
4.2.3. Tourist Motivation for Travel
4.3. The Tourist Experience
4.4. Meeting the Needs of the Tourist
4.4.1. Market Segmentation
4.4.2. From Market Segmentation to Target Marketing
4.5. Global Consumer Trends
4.5.1. The C-Consumers
4.5.2. The Green Consumers
4.6. Focus on Russian Tourists
4.7. Conclusions and Marketing implications
Discussion Questions
References
4.1.
Introduction
Destination marketers and tourism service providers are confronted each
day to a variety of consumer behaviour issues. Understanding consumer
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behaviour, and more specifically tourist behaviour, helps organisations
design their products and services, improve their strategies and satisfy their
clients. All professionals are seeking answers to the following questions:
Why do tourists travel? How do they select a destination? What influence
their decisions? What will create value and satisfaction? To respond to
those questions, it is important to understand (1) the psychology of tourists
(how they think, feel, select and evaluate services and brands); (2) how and
why tourists are motivated to travel and to choose specific destinations and
services; (3) the psychology of how tourists are influenced by their environ-
ment (society, culture, family and friends, but also brands, social media
and advertising); (4) how marketers can adapt their strategies to effectively
reach, attract and satisfy consumers. Responding to and understanding the
above questions and issues are important for three main reasons:
• Understanding visitor behaviour will help make planning and develop-
ment decisions at the destination and at the organisational level.
• Understanding visitor behaviour will help all service providers increase
visitor satisfaction and generate memorable experiences.
• Understanding visitor behaviour is ultimately having an effect on desti-
nations’ economies as well as on businesses’ financial success.
Consumer behaviour can be simply defined as ‘activities people under-
take when obtaining, consuming, and disposing of products and services’
(Blackwell, Miniard, & Engel, 2001, p. 6). We are not only concerned with
these activities, but with the myriad of factors that influence those activities
and the implications of those activities on the consumer and society.
Indeed, tourism marketers should be concerned with all influences that
affect tourists’ complex decision-making processes. Understanding and
analysing consumer behaviour allows us to focus on the tourist, of course,
but also on competing destinations and tourism organisations and firms.
Managers and marketers should spend time evaluating how competitors
react to and adapt to consumer behaviour changes.
4.2.
The Decision-Making Process
4.2.1.
How Do Consumers Make Decisions?
The study of consumer behaviour, which emerged as a discipline in the
20th century, aims at analysing individuals’ actions related to obtaining,
Tourist Behaviour and Trends
103
using and consuming goods and services. Consumer behaviour is concerned
with the study of why, where, when, how often consumers buy, and about
the impacts of consumption. Classic macroeconomics explains consumers’
decision-making based upon (1) the quantities and prices of the goods
available on the marketplace; (2) consumers’ disposable incomes and
(3) their preferences toward the different available products. However, rea-
lity shows that microeconomics theories may be insufficient to explain con-
sumers’ buying behaviour.
Consequently, the discipline of consumer behaviour developed in
response to the inability of microeconomics to fully explain consumption.
The idea underlining this relatively recent subject is that consumers are
multifaceted and with varying behaviours that depend on internal and
external factors. Thus, to get a good understanding of consumer behaviour,
microeconomics but also psychology, social-psychology, anthropology, or
sociology must be considered to provide a holistic perspective. Given the
complexity of consumer behaviour, it is important to formulate models
that consider all variables affecting choices in order to explain how consu-
mers make decisions (Swarbrooke & Horner, 2004).
The first model to explain consumer behaviour, known as the Model of
Nicosia was formulated in 1966; it presents value as being a simple first
attempt. Following this, Engel, Kollat, and Blackwell (1968), then Howard
and Sheth (1969) proposed alternative models that addressed weaknesses of
Model Nicosia, such as the fact that it did not mention how external fac-
tors moderated consumer behaviour. Since those first models, many others
have been proposed but most of them agree in the following aspects:
(1) consumer behaviour results from stimuli perceived and processed by
consumers; (2) stimuli are evaluated depending on personal preferences and
internal characteristics; (3) behaviour also results from external variables
that modulate consumers’ perceptions and decisions; and (4) after the pur-
chase, consumers reflect about the experience and communicate their satis-
faction/dissatisfaction, learn about the experience and become loyal to
those brands that satisfied them. Figure 4.1 represents the sequential pro-
cess that describes how consumers make purchase decisions.
Such models are typically describing ‘high-involvement purchases’.
High-involvement purchases are defined as those in which consumers make
important efforts, for example by investing time when searching for infor-
mation to minimise the possibility of making a bad choice/decision.
High-involvement purchases occur when the acquisition of products/
services is relevant to consumers, when they have a personal interest in the
product or when the product/service is expensive thus requiring a
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Lidia Andrades Caldito et al.
substantial economic effort. Consumers may also experience high involve-
ment when they perceive a significant physical, social or financial risk asso-
ciated with the product. In all of these situations, the consumers’
involvement with the purchase will be greater, and the resulting decision
process will be complex, aiming at minimising risk and maximising post-
purchase satisfaction. On the other hand, low-involvement purchase deci-
sion processes are so simple that they do not require a compound model to
explain them.
All models were developed under the premise that consumers have needs,
which will be sequentially satisfied, according to consumers’ priorities
(Maslow, 1943). Following Maslow’s conceptual framework about human-
being motivations, the detection of those needs by the consumer is what
motivates them to initiate a quest for a product/service to satisfy that need.
Consequently, the purchase and consumption of the product reduce the ori-
ginal tension that was generated by the awareness of unsatisfied needs.
Consumer needs can be either latent or manifest. Overall, decision-
making starts when consumers process a commercial or non-commercial
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