Task 3 Keep talking, Now you are going to experience a fluency-oriented activity
called ‘Keep Talking’. And you are going to work in pairs and each of you will
need to speak for 1 min on the topic given by the teacher. And one person in each
pair will be speaking and the other will be listening without interrupting the
speaker.
Task 4 Think about the activity that you have experienced and fill in the grid.
Activity 1.The
Dog
and the Meat
Activity 2. Chain
story
Activity 3. Keep
Talking
SMOKING
PETS
CHEWING GUM
MUSIC
HOMESICKNESS
PARENTS
BOOKS
TRAVELLING
CLOTHES
HOBBIES
FOOD
HOLIDAYS
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a. What was the
objective of the
activity?
b. What language
level was the
activity?
c. What language
(grammar,
vocabulary) did
the
activity practise?
d. Can it be
adapted
to a different
level?
How?
e. What are the
advantages of and
possible problems
in the activity?
Home assignment.
- Find information about different historical places of Uzbekistan. Being in guide’s
shoes you need to present 3 minutes speech without stopping. You should shoot a
video recording of their performance.
§31. Distinguishing fluency and accuracy speaking activities and practice
them
Self-study material
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you think are the characteristics of fluency?
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2. Is accuracy important in teaching speaking?
Task 1. Read and say your comments. How to strike a balance between
fluency and accuracy
It's important to balance accuracy and fluency among the various stages and
activities in a lesson. Both refer to the productive skills of the students. Where one
focuses on getting the language right, the other focuses on getting the language out
smoothly and quickly.
What is Accuracy?
Accuracy refers to the mechanics of the language. Students address and improve
on the following ideas:
1. Clear and articulate speaking or writing.
2. Language free from grammar mistakes.
3. Words spelled and/or pronounced correctly.
4. Language appropriate to the situation and/or context.
When a teacher, classroom, or student fails to consider accuracy in the class, then
students may sound less fluent and capable with the language. This can quickly
cause problems when students need to use the language for more than casual
conversation.
For example, let's say a businessperson uses English for email, as well as regularly
attends teleconferences with the head office. Because English ability is so visible,
it oftentimes easily gets confused with overall job ability or competence. The
businessperson thus sounds less capable in the world of business, especially with
peers and colleagues he doesn't regularly and directly work. It really isn't much
different than a colleague who dresses in shorts and stained t-shirts. In most
business industries, peers simply don't take him seriously or believe him to be fully
competent.
There are unsympathetic listeners to consider too. Most native English speakers in
the real world outside of the classroom don't have the background or the patience
to work through the mistakes of a non-native English speaker. Whether the
mistakes come from the native tongue of the students, are pronunciation problems,
grammar problems, or even cultural differences, breakdowns in communication
occur. What had been intelligible in the classroom for the teacher and other
students is suddenly no longer intelligible outside the classroom.
It must be noted here: Too much attention to accuracy results in students unable to
use the language. They breakdown the sentences, translate them, and look at the
sentences from different angles to minimize mistakes. This results in very slow
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response times. The language becomes less able to carry out its purpose, namely to
effectively communicate ideas and information.
What is Fluency?
Fluency focuses on the flow of language. Sentences must be spoken smoothly and
with few pauses. In addition, students respond to questions and information
quickly. Lastly, it's important that students participate in a conversation, not simply
react to it.
There are a number of factors which affect fluency. To start, unfamiliar material
results in less smooth, less quick language production. This is especially evident
when the teacher first presents the target language (grammar, vocabulary, phrases,
etc.). Students of all levels, when faced with new material, must process and
practice it. A certain level of automaticity must be achieved before also gaining a
level of fluency.
And what is automaticity? The term refers to the recall time on the target language.
Students work towards producing the new structures naturally and with less
thought. When students repeatedly practice a word, phrase, or sentence structure,
then the new material becomes automatic. Students require less time to think about
how to produce the language. Improved automaticity directly affects fluency.
It's important to note that too much information presented and practiced at once
hinders fluency. For example, as students must become familiar with new material
in the earlier stages of a lesson, they struggle with longer and richer sentences. In
short, there's simply too much to juggle all at once.
Of course the whole of the lesson shouldn't be restricted to short sentences that
narrowly focus on the target grammar and/or vocabulary. However, restrictive
practice at the start improves productive fluency later in the lesson. As the lesson
progresses and students become comfortable and familiar with the target language,
additional information for longer, richer sentences can be worked into the lesson
plan.
Response time also measures fluency. If someone asks a question, and the student
takes several seconds before giving any answer, this can be considered poor
fluency.
Slow responses most often occur with lower-level students. However, even higher-
level students may struggle with response times. In both cases, students may know
the grammar or vocabulary, but must nevertheless process it when encountered. In
short, it takes time to retrieve the needed information.
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Lower-level students also tend to translate questions and answers from their native
language to the target language, then back again. This further hinders fluency.
Lastly, students need to be able to participate in a conversation. When students
simply ask and answer questions, without adding detail, supporting information,
tangents, or additional questions, then this is merely reacting to the conversation.
Fluency should also be considered in terms of enriched grammar and vocabulary,
all of which add to meaning, nuance, and so on.
Let's look at the following exchange which serves as an example of reacting to a
conversation:
Student A: What are you going to do this Saturday?
Student B: I'm going to see a movie.
Student A: What are you going to do on Sunday?
Student B: I'm going to study for the English test.
Student A: What are you...
Such conversations are common at the lower levels, but some detail can still be
added if the teacher explicitly and repeatedly gives attention to this point. The
teacher needs to set clear goals that the class works steadily towards, such as
creating longer, richer conversations. Opportunities for discussion, as well as other
open activities, help improve this point.
At higher levels, the same reaction to a conversation may occur with difficult
subject matter. Students may lack knowledge on the topic in their native language
too, which results in a far less rich discussion in the target language. The teacher
can assign preparatory homework, perhaps with the students receiving several
question cards for essays or presentations.
Fluency is thus a very important aspect of the language classroom. Students should
be able to accomplish the following for fluent conversations:
1. Acquire and use the needed target language.
2. Respond with few pauses, or quick access and activation of information.
3. Participate in a conversation.
How to Balance Accuracy and Fluency
With a clearer definition of accuracy and fluency, let's now look at how to
effectively balance the two. Although some ideas and information has been briefly
mentioned above, it proves important to now discuss the balance as a separate
entity.
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When the teacher develops a lesson, the early portions of the lesson generally get
devoted to acquisition of the target language. Students need to learn the new
material and produce it accurately. As a result, activities tend to be narrowly
defined. This allows students to explicitly focus on one aspect of the target
language. And as students become comfortable with the one aspect, then additional
points and/or information can be added. Students don't need to juggle too much
information.
Of course, as the students practice, the teacher shouldn't expect zero mistakes. No
matter how much practice occurs, mistakes continue to occur. In addition, the
teacher shouldn't restrict the lesson to controlled and repetitive activities. For
example, if students drilled and drilled and drilled the language for the majority of
the class, then everyone would quickly become bored. There would be little
challenge, little engagement, little interest. Both the students and the teacher
wouldn't offer careful thought to the lesson contents.
It should be noted that drills and controlled activities improve fluency too.
Improved familiarity with the target language means an improved level of
automaticity. This then translates to quicker and smoother response times.
However, as was mentioned earlier, fluency consists of more than quick responses
to questions. Students must also be able to access and activate the knowledge.
Students must be able to add detail for richer responses. Students must be able to
participate in a conversation. Hence the latter portion of the lesson gets devoted to
these other aspects for better fluency.
With increasingly open-ended activities, students must provide longer and more
detailed answers. Students further mix grammar and vocabulary from past lessons.
They also mix pre-existing knowledge gained from personal studies, interest, and
exposure to English with the new material. All of this allows students to create
more realistic and richer conversations, which they may also immediately apply
outside the classroom.
Productive and Receptive Levels
Let's conclude with a brief word on productive and receptive levels, as both
connect to accuracy and fluency. Productive and receptive levels can be defined as
the following:
Productive Level: This refers to language use, specifically speaking and writing.
Receptive Level: This refers to listening and reading, or input and comprehension.
For effective communication to occur, students must be able to produce and
receive information. A poor productive level may mean that students have the
information but can't speak quickly or correctly. On the other hand, students may
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try to dominate a conversation because of a poor receptive level. They speak and
speak without actually participating in the conversation.
Attention to productive and receptive levels ties directly to accuracy, fluency, and
the activities in this resource book. A teacher may correctly assume that students
understand the target language, and thus ignore additional opportunities to improve
language production. In other words, the teacher ignores activities for better
accuracy and fluency simply because students understand the new material. An apt
analogy would be assuming someone a capable driver after only a few sessions
behind the wheel! Drills are needed to improve accuracy and response time.
Conversely, the teacher may spend too much time on drills and short activities that
don't allow opportunities for rich and detailed use of the language. This results in a
poorer receptive level because students don't have the chance to meaningfully
interact with one another.
To conclude, the teacher must not only consider accuracy, fluency, and the balance
of the two, but he must also consider both sides to language use. Focus too much
on accuracy, and students are disengaged and unable to connect to the content.
Focus too much on fluency, and students make so many mistakes that they cannot
be clearly understood.
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