English for Writing Research Papers


   - ing form with by and thus



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English for Writing Research papers

6.5   - ing form with by and thus
Look at the ambiguous sentence below.
 
S1.  * This will improve performance keeping clients satisfied.
Does S1 mean: (a) the way to improve performance is if clients are kept satisfied? 
or (b) as a consequence of improving performance clients will be satisfied?
We can show the true meaning if, before the –ing form, we insert thus or by:
 
S2.  This will improve performance thus keeping clients satisfied.
 
S3.  This will improve performance by keeping clients satisfied.
S2 means that if clients are satisfied, performance will improve – thus means as a 
consequence
. In S3 client satisfaction depends on performance – by indicates how 
something is done.
Often it is a good idea simply to break up the sentence or use and. An alternative to S3:
 
S4.  This will improve performance and clients will (thus) be satisfied.
S5 is another ambiguous sentence. It can be disambiguated as in S6 and S7, both 
of which have the same meaning.
 
S5.  * The Euro indirectly raised pricescausing inflation.
 
S6.  … raised prices. This consequently / subsequently caused inflation.
 
S7.  … raised prices and so / thus caused inflation.
It is best to replace the –ing form with and when you are simply giving additional 
information. Thus S9 is clearer than S8.


95
6.6 a, one and the
 
S8.  * This section focuses on the reasons for selecting these parameters, trying to explain the 
background to these choices.
 
S9.  This document focuses on the reasons for selecting these parameters, and tries to explain 
the background to these choices.
Finally, note the difference between these three sentences.
 
S10.  To burn CDs you just need some software.
 
S11.  Burning CDs now takes only a few seconds.
 
S12.  By burning CDs we deprive artists of royalties.
The infinitive (S10) means If you want to / If your aim is to …
The -ing form with no preceding preposition (S11) refers to the activity of burning 
CDs,  it  acts  as  the  subject  of  the  sentence.  S12  means  If  we  burn  CDs  we  will 
deprive artists of royalties.

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