part of the science of medicine’.
94
Abu Ma‘shar quotes the aforemen-
tioned Hippocratic dictum,
95
and in the Great Introduction we find an
explanation of the role of the stars in the preservation and perversion of
health.
96
According to Abu Ma‘shar, medicine and astrology are interre-
lated sciences. The first is the study of the terrestrial (ardiyya) causes of
disease whereas astrology is the study of their astral and higher (‘ulwiyya)
causes.
97
Medicine looks into the changes in the elements that manifest
in the alteration of the seasons and humors, whereas astrology looks
into the astral origins of these alterations. Therefore, astrology perfects
medicine since it extends causal enquiries to the higher origins. This
leads Abu Ma‘shar to conclude that ‘astrology is higher and nobler than
medicine’ and every physician must be an astrologer.
98
Understanding aetiology and causality is essential in the Three Books.
Ficino states in the first book that ‘one must have the courage, God
showing the way, to search out causes’.
99
His exposition of causality does
not exclude the spirit and the soul and so it remains a non-mechanical
one. Explaining why black bile makes people intelligent, he provides
natural and celestial causes. On a lower aetiological level, the spirit
generated from this humor is conducive to intelligence due to its sub-
tlety and rarefaction. On a higher level, ‘the soul [
. . . ] seeks the centre
108
The Arabic Influences on Early Modern Occult Philosophy
of all subjects and penetrates to their innermost core. It is congruent,
moreover, with Mercury and Saturn, of whom the second, the high-
est of planets, carries the investigator to the highest subjects. From this
come original philosophers.’ The brain, as a result, ‘is filled from above
with divine influences and oracles, and it always invents new and unac-
customed things and predicts the future’.
100
Even psychic and noetic
predilections require the astral conditioning of the mind and spirit. Such
a notion can be traced back to Avicenna’s Metaphysics known as Liber de
philosophia prima sive scientia divina or Metaphysica, translated into Latin
by Gerard of Cremona and Dominicus Gundissalinus. Avicenna explains
that the best of humans who attain the rank of prophets are those whose
souls are perfected by reaching out to the Intellect through morals and
spiritual discipline. This perfection is attained by mediation of ‘celestial
principles’.
101
This is a ‘non-material causation’ as described by James
Hankins that Ficino received from Avicenna to explain the soul’s abil-
ity to perform miracles, revelation and prophecy.
102
Thus it becomes
evident that different modes of knowing are reconciled to provide an
epistemological whole. ‘Soul, Body and Spirit work to unfold the true
reasons of things – reasons which are contained in it [i.e. in the divine
mind] and by which all things remain in existence.’ This is achieved by
discipline through religion, love of the divine and emancipation from
fleshly desires.
103
Concerning therapeutics, melancholics have to adhere to a suitable
regimen and diet, and avoid sex, satiety and insomnia.
104
They can also
avail themselves of two kinds of pills: natural and medical. The first is
for the more robust and receives potency from the natural properties
of its components. The other type of pills is suitable for delicate peo-
ple ‘composed partly in imitation of the Magi, and partly through my
[Ficino’s] own invention under the influence of Jupiter and Venus; they
draw out phlegm, choler, and black bile without difficulty, strengthen
the individual parts, and sharpen and illumine the spirits’. Ficino states
that he composed these pills ‘in imitations of the Greeks, Latins, and
Arabs’.
105
The potency of magical pills is derived from the celestial
world. In the second book, Ficino writes: ‘hope thou in this, and that
God is going to favour you when you supplicate him, and that the
things created by him, especially the celestial things, have without a
doubt a marvellous power to lengthen or preserve life’.
106
This book is
replete with celestial correspondences and astrological considerations.
Under the category of magical pills comes ‘The Medicine of the Magi’.
Ficino gives instructions for making this medicine primarily from frank-
incense, myrrh and gold, when the moon is in a favourable aspect with
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