The Arabic Influences on Early Modern Occult Philosophy
status of quasi-substances, making them of a sublime nature sensitive to
celestial influences. However, compared with talismans ‘they claim the
most dignity in the primary – that is, the celestial – levels of the cos-
mos’. Their properties ‘have been appointed in the heavens along with
the species. Indeed, they have the greatest affinity with the Ideas in the
Mind, the Queen of the World.’
199
Even though Ficino dedicates many chapters to legitimize the use of
talismans, apprehension is detectable. As noted earlier, he confirms that
medicines are much more efficient because ‘powders, liquids, unguents,
electuaries’, receive celestial influence in an easier way due to their
suppleness, they are also absorbed by the body, and finally medicines
incorporate the properties of various materials at once.
200
Reiterating
his cautious approach to the Picatrix in his letter to Acciari, after dis-
cussing the type of celestial talismans that a mage can use in his art taken
from the Picatrix, Ficino asserts that he only enumerates those talismans
that are medicinal; notwithstanding, ‘even the medicine I suspect to be
mostly vain’.
201
Referring to some talismans found in the Picatrix, he
adds:
It would be unduly curious and perhaps harmful to recite what
images they fashioned and how, for the mutual meeting of minds
or their alienation, for bringing felicity or inflicting calamity, either
to some individual, or to a household, or to a city. I do not affirm that
such things can be done. Astrologers, however, think such things can
be done, and they teach the method, but I dare not tell it.
202
Ficino afterwards refers to the Speculum astronomiae of Albertus
Magnus ‘professor of both theology and of magic’ and his approval
of astrological talismans and disapproval of figures and mysterious
inscriptions.
203
This is followed by reference to Aquinas’s Summa contra
gentiles and De Operationibus occultis. In the former Aquinas rejects mag-
ical words and figure magic, maintaining that these are elements that
have effects only because they address and are only comprehended by
some intellect and thus can only be illicit.
204
So we can see that Ficino’s
cautious attitude is similar to Albertus’s, though a little more liberal than
Aquinas.
Magical rings capture the power of a certain star by inserting its stone
or herb underneath a gold or silver band under specific astrological
conditions. They are reminiscent of the ring of Adelard of Bath, the
translator of Thabit’s magical treatise on talismans mentioned in the
Three Books.
205
Ficino also mentions Hiarchas’s seven planetary rings
Early Modern Astral Magic
121
given to Apollonius of Tyana.
206
Yet soon after, he seems hesitant to
attribute a celestial power to the rings and explains that if there is such
power then it works on the body quite naturally through heat and
influence on the medical spirit:
If rings of this sort have any power from on high, I do not think it
pertains so much to the soul or to our gross body as to the spirit,
which is affected in this way or that way as the ring is heated little
by little, so that it is made firmer or clearer, stronger or milder, more
austere or more joyful. These influences pass over completely into
the body and somewhat into the sensual part of the soul which quite
often gives in to the body.
207
The magical practice that received most attention from scholars and
mentioned by Ficino near the end of the Three Books is statue anima-
tion. According to Ficino, these statues capture ‘cosmic’ vital power from
the Universal Soul and the celestial bodies. They are made of materials
that correspond with the celestial powers and act as ‘magical lure’.
208
In the Enneads, we read that the ancient sages were similarly able to cap-
ture celestial influences; this was because the statues and their materials
reproduce the Reason-Principles or seminal reasons and as a result the
Universal Soul became tractable.
209
Ficino reiterates:
Hermes says that the Priests received an appropriate power from the
nature of the cosmos and mixed it. Plotinus follows him and thinks
that everything can be easily accomplished by the intermediation of
the Anima Mundi, since the Anima Mundi generates and moves the
forms of natural things through seminal reasons implanted in her
from the divine.
210
This section led Yates to conclude that Ficino’s magic is Hermetic and
mystical. She writes: ‘not only do we have in the Asclepius an actual
description of magical practices in the admiring reference to the meth-
ods by which the Egyptian “made god”, but also even the loftiest and
most mystical of the philosophical Hermetic treatises presuppose, as
we have seen, an astrological pattern in the cosmos’.
211
And again she
infers that it provided the outline of a Neoplatonic theory of magic due
to the statues – and talismans – being mere ‘reflections’ of the Intel-
lect’s Ideas or celestial forms.
212
Similarly, Walker contends that Ficino’s
talismanic magic is essentially Neoplatonic and Hermetic. He quotes
the passage on ‘the art of making gods’ and claims that it is a capital
122
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